Final Exam LECTURE Flashcards
Aristotle
man by nature is a social animal; people want to interact with people to some extend
Sigmund Freud
focus on the individual- theory was very influential in the formation of psychology and focused almost entirely on the individual and their internal personality
-> founder of psychoanalysis
B.F. Skinner
focus on the environment- learning theory- operant conditioning- everything you do is a product of your learning history and environment - father of behaviorism
Kurt Lewin
Kurt Lewin: B=f(P,E); formative basis for social psychology; behavior is a function of a person AND their environment
Social Psychology
The scientific study of how thoughts, behavior, and emotions are influenced by the presence of other people (real or imagined)
Social Influence
The effect of words, actions, etc have on our moods, feelings, attitudes, etc
Construal
One’s interpretation, perception, or comprehension of the social situation; we encounter social situations bringing our whole learning history with us
Gestalt Roots
-The subjective experience of a phenomenon is more important than the objective reality of the phenomenon
-Studying how it actually appears rather than taking it into your own hands and deciding what it is
Naive Realism (Ross)
-The belief that one’s construal reflects objective reality
-We see our construals as reality
Vallone, Ross, and Lepper study on the hostile media
the hostile media phenomenon: biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre: tendency for individuals with a strong pre existing attitude on an issue to perceive media coverage as biased against their side
Naive Realism
Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004) “wall st vs. comm”
The name of the game experiment
“Wall Street Game” or “Community Game”
2/3 played competitively when it was called Wall Street Game
1/3 played competitively when it was called Community Game
Construal
Confirmation Bias
already know what we think about a certain something; searching for information in ways consistent with pre-existing beliefs
Archival analysis
a form of the observational method in which the researcher examines the accumulated documents or archives of a culture
Psychology is a scientific endeavor….
generate theories & hypotheses
devise tests
analyze test results
publish/present
replicate
Limits of the Observational Method
Restricted to the observable
- may be rare
- may be subtle
Also does not say WHY
The Correlational Method
Correlation is a statistical estimate of the relationship between two variables
A + correlation
In/Decreases in one variable are associated with in/decreases on other
0 < r < 1
A - correlation
Increases in one variable are associated with decreases on other
0 > r > -1
Limitations of Correlational Method
Correlation does NOT equal Causation
Extraneous (Third) Variables
A variable that accounts for the correlation between variables of interest
Experiments
A way to try and establish a cause
Independent variable vs. Dependent variable
The variable you manipulate vs. the variable you measure
Internal validity, what can be used?
The ONLY thing affecting the DV is the IV
experimental control
random assignment to conditions
External validity, what can be used?
How well do results generalize to other situations / people
psychological realism
Field experiment
experiment conducted in a natural setting as opposed to a laboratory
Replication
Repeat the study …
in a different setting
with a different population
Ethics with psych experiments
APA, Consent, beneficial not harmful, respect for people’s rights and dignity, explain deception early
Deceive? YES if..
justified by significant, scientific, educational, or applied value AND there’s no other way
explain as early as feasible AND allow for withdrawal of data
Automatic thinking is:
nonconscious
effortless
unintentional / involuntary
people are cognitive _____
misers
schema
a mental structure that organizes ones knowledge about the world
Schema functions
organize info
direct attention
influence memory
Accessible, what leads to accessibility?
Expertise
Goal State
Very recent experience(s)
Priming
Process by which recent experience increases accessibility of schemas, traits, and concepts
Higgins, Rholes, & Jones (1977)
- “Memory task” - shown lists of words to
memorize for later recall test - Adventurous list (brave, bold); reckless list (foolish, careless)
- In “second experiment,” read paragraph about “Donald” and rate Donald on positive characteristics
Results: adventurous (positive applicable memory words) prime condition rated Donald more positively than reckless condition
Accessibility influenced impression formation
Priming
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
1) expectations (schemas) affect our behavior towards another in consistent ways
2) The other person responds to our action…
3) … in a way that confirms our initial expectation (schema)
Rosenthal + Jacobson (1968) - Bloomer Study
- teachers given files indicating some students were bloomers, list was random
- IQ tests given at end of year
teachers
- treated bloomers more warmly, taught them more, gave them more + varied feedback, gave them more chances to respond and shape responses
self-fulfilling prophecy
Heuristics / Judgmental Heuristics
A mental “shortcut” that allows judgments to be made quickly
N.B - trades speed for accuracy
The availability heuristic
Making a judgement based on how accessible (available) information is in memory
The Representativeness Heuristic
Judging an attribute, event, or outcome based on how well it matches one’s schema/expectations
