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PSYC 2600 > Final Exam LECTURE > Flashcards

Final Exam LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

Aristotle

A

man by nature is a social animal; people want to interact with people to some extend

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2
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

focus on the individual- theory was very influential in the formation of psychology and focused almost entirely on the individual and their internal personality
-> founder of psychoanalysis

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3
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

focus on the environment- learning theory- operant conditioning- everything you do is a product of your learning history and environment - father of behaviorism

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4
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

Kurt Lewin: B=f(P,E); formative basis for social psychology; behavior is a function of a person AND their environment

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5
Q

Social Psychology

A

The scientific study of how thoughts, behavior, and emotions are influenced by the presence of other people (real or imagined)

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6
Q

Social Influence

A

The effect of words, actions, etc have on our moods, feelings, attitudes, etc

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7
Q

Construal

A

One’s interpretation, perception, or comprehension of the social situation; we encounter social situations bringing our whole learning history with us

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8
Q

Gestalt Roots

A

-The subjective experience of a phenomenon is more important than the objective reality of the phenomenon
-Studying how it actually appears rather than taking it into your own hands and deciding what it is

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9
Q

Naive Realism (Ross)

A

-The belief that one’s construal reflects objective reality
-We see our construals as reality

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10
Q

Vallone, Ross, and Lepper study on the hostile media

A

the hostile media phenomenon: biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre: tendency for individuals with a strong pre existing attitude on an issue to perceive media coverage as biased against their side

Naive Realism

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11
Q

Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004) “wall st vs. comm”

A

The name of the game experiment
“Wall Street Game” or “Community Game”
2/3 played competitively when it was called Wall Street Game
1/3 played competitively when it was called Community Game

Construal

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12
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

already know what we think about a certain something; searching for information in ways consistent with pre-existing beliefs

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13
Q

Archival analysis

A

a form of the observational method in which the researcher examines the accumulated documents or archives of a culture

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14
Q

Psychology is a scientific endeavor….

A

generate theories & hypotheses
devise tests
analyze test results
publish/present
replicate

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15
Q

Limits of the Observational Method

A

Restricted to the observable
- may be rare
- may be subtle

Also does not say WHY

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16
Q

The Correlational Method

A

Correlation is a statistical estimate of the relationship between two variables

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17
Q

A + correlation

A

In/Decreases in one variable are associated with in/decreases on other

0 < r < 1

18
Q

A - correlation

A

Increases in one variable are associated with decreases on other

0 > r > -1

19
Q

Limitations of Correlational Method

A

Correlation does NOT equal Causation

20
Q

Extraneous (Third) Variables

A

A variable that accounts for the correlation between variables of interest

21
Q

Experiments

A

A way to try and establish a cause

22
Q

Independent variable vs. Dependent variable

A

The variable you manipulate vs. the variable you measure

23
Q

Internal validity, what can be used?

A

The ONLY thing affecting the DV is the IV

experimental control
random assignment to conditions

24
Q

External validity, what can be used?

A

How well do results generalize to other situations / people

psychological realism

25
Q

Field experiment

A

experiment conducted in a natural setting as opposed to a laboratory

26
Q

Replication

A

Repeat the study …

in a different setting

with a different population

27
Q

Ethics with psych experiments

A

APA, Consent, beneficial not harmful, respect for people’s rights and dignity, explain deception early

28
Q

Deceive? YES if..

A

justified by significant, scientific, educational, or applied value AND there’s no other way

explain as early as feasible AND allow for withdrawal of data

29
Q

Automatic thinking is:

A

nonconscious

effortless

unintentional / involuntary

30
Q

people are cognitive _____

A

misers

31
Q

schema

A

a mental structure that organizes ones knowledge about the world

32
Q

Schema functions

A

organize info
direct attention
influence memory

33
Q

Accessible, what leads to accessibility?

A

Expertise

Goal State

Very recent experience(s)

34
Q

Priming

A

Process by which recent experience increases accessibility of schemas, traits, and concepts

35
Q

Higgins, Rholes, & Jones (1977)

A
  1. “Memory task” - shown lists of words to
    memorize for later recall test
  2. Adventurous list (brave, bold); reckless list (foolish, careless)
  3. In “second experiment,” read paragraph about “Donald” and rate Donald on positive characteristics

Results: adventurous (positive applicable memory words) prime condition rated Donald more positively than reckless condition

Accessibility influenced impression formation

Priming

36
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

1) expectations (schemas) affect our behavior towards another in consistent ways

2) The other person responds to our action…

3) … in a way that confirms our initial expectation (schema)

37
Q

Rosenthal + Jacobson (1968) - Bloomer Study

A
  • teachers given files indicating some students were bloomers, list was random
  • IQ tests given at end of year

teachers

  • treated bloomers more warmly, taught them more, gave them more + varied feedback, gave them more chances to respond and shape responses

self-fulfilling prophecy

38
Q

Heuristics / Judgmental Heuristics

A

A mental “shortcut” that allows judgments to be made quickly

N.B - trades speed for accuracy

39
Q

The availability heuristic

A

Making a judgement based on how accessible (available) information is in memory

40
Q

The Representativeness Heuristic

A

Judging an attribute, event, or outcome based on how well it matches one’s schema/expectations

41
Q
A

PSYC 2600 (2 decks)

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