Final exam info

Question 1

When someone is diabetic when do you perform emergency referral

Answer 1

DM who is confused
lethargic
exhibiting changes in mental function
profuse sweating
Signs of DKA

Question 2

What are some general reasons to make an emergency referral

Answer 2

Hypoglycemia
Potassium depletion, fluid dehydration
Signs of thyroid storm

Question 3

Describe chronic vs acute renal disease

Answer 3

Chronic - Non reversible progressive loss inn renal function

Acute - Reversible abrupt stoppage of kidneys

Question 4

What is the primary cause of ESRD

Answer 4

Diabetic nephropathy

Question 5

What are some risk factors for ESRD

Answer 5

Advanced age
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypertension
Chronic urinary tract obstruction
Infection
Kidney transplantation

Question 6

What are some signs and symptoms of ESRD

Answer 6

Tend to be symmetric
Tend to be more subjective
Symptoms of impaired fluid and waste excretion

Question 7

What are some treatments for ESRD

Answer 7

Dialysis
Dietary changes
MEdications to regulate BP and replace metabolic functions

Question 8

What tests for chronic glycemia

Answer 8

A1C
normal - below 5.7%
prediabetes - 5.7% to 6.4%
diabetes - >6.5%

Question 9

What is stress incontinence

Answer 9

when support for the bladder or urethra is weak or damaged

Physical exertion may cause urination

Question 10

What is an overactive bladder and what are its causes

Answer 10

Involuntary contraction of the detrusor muscle

Idiopathic, medications, alcohol

Question 11

What is overflow incontinence

Answer 11

Over distension of the bladder where the bladder cannot empty completely

Question 12

What is functional incontinence

Answer 12

bladder is normal but the mind and body are not working together well

Question 13

What is a common cause of Nocturia

Answer 13

UTI’s

Question 14

Describe Cystitis

Answer 14

Female predominated disease
Infection of the bladder
Causes incontinence

Question 15

Describe upper urinary tract obstructions

Answer 15

Renal calculi - kidney stone

Progress to ureteral stone - sharp pain, hematuria

Question 16

Describe lower tract obstruction

Answer 16

Pelvic pain
Urinary symptoms
Ejaculatory pain
Hypotension
Bacterial - fever chills

Question 17

Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 17

Impaired bladder emptying
Urinary infrequency
Strain/ weak stream
Leaking

Question 18

Describe pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 18

Lower abdominal pelvic pain
Abdominal uterine bleeding
Vaginal discharge and odor
Panful intercourse and urination

Question 19

Describe renal or bladder cancer symptoms

Answer 19

Hematuria

Painful urination/ urgency

Question 20

Describe Vasopressin

Answer 20

Antidiuretic hormone
hyposecretion - Diabetes, excessive water loss
Hypersecretion - water retention, hypernatremia

Question 21

Describe hypothyroidism and some risk factors

Answer 21

Depressed metabolism - weight gain

RF - women over 60, family history of thyroid disease, autoimmune disease, surgery

Question 22

Describe hyperthyroidism

Answer 22

Also known as graves disease
Elevated metabolism
May have thyroid storm - tachycardia, elevated heart rate, loss of weight

Question 23

Describe metabolic syndrome

Answer 23

At least 3 of the following
Waist circumference above 40 inches or 35 for female
HDL > 150
LDL <40
HTN >130/85
blood glucose >100

Question 24

Describe crushing’s syndrome

Answer 24

Adrenal hyperfunction
Excess secretion of cortisol
Bruising, hypertension, osteoporosis

Question 25

Describe Addison's disease

Answer 25

Adrenal hypofunction Reduction in cortisol levels Hypotension weakness fatigue

Question 26

Describe parathyroid hormone

Answer 26

Regulates calcium and phosphorus hyper - release of Ca into the blood stream Hypo - muscle tetany, spasm, arrhythmia

Question 27

What are the major symptoms of diabetes

Answer 27

Increased thirst, hunger and urinary frequency

Question 28

Describe allergies

Answer 28

Hypersensitivities Histamine and vasodilatory response Severe reaction - anaphylaxis - medical emergency

Question 29

Describe RA

Answer 29

body cells attacking one another in the joints | Genetic, Women > men

Question 30

How doo you diagnose RA

Answer 30

Symmetrical presentation - symmetrical swollen joints Labs and imaging Exclusion of other diseases

Question 31

Describe Psoriatic arthritis

Answer 31

Enthesopathy - tendon insertion inflammation 20-30 year old onset Rash over joints

Question 32

Describe lyme disease

Answer 32

Bulls eye rash | Deer tick

Question 33

Describe lupus

Answer 33

Inflammation that can affect all organs 14-40 years old Butterfly rash

Question 34

Describe fibromyalgia

Answer 34

Central sensitization Allodynia - pain from non noxious stimulus Hyperalgesia - increased sensitivity to slightly painful stimulus Diagnoses - pain sites, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction and sleep disturbances

Question 35

Describe Polymyalgia Rheumatica

Answer 35

over age of 55 2-3 years Widespread muscle pain Inflammation and pain of superficial temporal artery

Question 36

Describe Scleroderma

Answer 36

``` Inflammation - fibrosis Skin thickening Raynaud's phenomenon Esophageal hypomobility Restrictive lung disease ```

Question 37

Describe ankylosing Spondylitis

Answer 37

``` Inflammation of the spine Men > Women Under 40 Low back pain and stiffness Slow progressive limitations to mobility Low grade fever, intermittent fever, weight loss, anemia ```

Question 38

Describe AIDS

Answer 38

T cell destruction after disease transmission | Open to opportunistic infections