Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Midterm in Health Promotion class > Final Exam in Health Promotion > Flashcards

Final Exam in Health Promotion Flashcards

1
Q

At what age does the initiation of menstruation (menarche) start?

A

At ages 12 and 15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Menstrual cycles usually continue until age

A

45 to 55

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most frequent reasons why women visit the clinician?

A

Changes in menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The normal menstrual cycle is how many days?

A

21 to 35 days with menstrual flow lasting 3 to 5 days, although a flow as few as 2 days or as many as 7 days is still considered normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

You want to reassure your patient that menstrual cycle that occur during first 1 to 1.5 years after menarche are frequently irregular , why?

A

due to immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fill the blank. Hypothalamus releases (what?) hormone that stimulates pituitary gland to produce
(which?) hormones?

A

Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and this hormone stimulates the pituitary gland to produce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two hormones secreted by ovaries?

A

Estrogen and progesterone at the command of FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which hormone targets the ovaries and results in production of estrogen and progesterone?

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which hormone targets developing follicle within ovary and responsible for ovulation, corpus luteum formation, and hormone production in the ovaries

A

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which hormone is responsible for preparing the mammary gland for lactation?

A

Prolactin (PRL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three phases of ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 phases in endometrial cycle?

A

proliferative phase
secretory phase
menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the negative feedback effect in hormonal feedback system?

A

GnRH pulses stimulate the release of FSH and LH, as a result ovarian follicles develop and produce estrogen.
As the amount of estrogen in the circulation increases and reaches pituitary gland, it affects the amount of FSH and LH secreted—– this is called negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the positive feedback?

A

When the estrogen level becomes high enough, the negative feedback of pituitary is reversed and estrogen causes midcycle positive feedback effect on the pituitary which results in a surge of LH and FSH and causes ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which hormone influences the ruptured follicle to become corpus luteum?

A

LH-luteinizing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Corpus luteum secretes which hormone?

A

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Does progesterone reduce or increase the frequency of the hypothalamic GnRH pulses?

A

The presence of progesterone reduces the frequency of the hypothalamic GnRH pulses but the amount of LH released from pituitary is proportionally increased to sustain the corpus luteum and the production of progesterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to corpus luteum and progesterone in the absence of pregnancy?

A

In the absence of pregnancy the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels decline and menstruation occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three phases that comprise ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase
ovulatory phase
luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the primary role of FSH in follicular phase?

A

The primary role of FSH is to induce the development of increased receptors on the granulosa cells and thereby stimulate estrogen production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the preliminary role of LH in follicular phase?

A

To stimulate the cell’s production of androgen and that will be converted to estrogen by granulosa layers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the name of the dominant follicle?

A

Graafian follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When does proliferative phase begin?

A

It begins about the fourth or fifth day of the cycle and usually last approximately 10 days ending with the release of the ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three phases of endometrial cycle?

A

Proliferative, secretory and menstrual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When does secretory phase begin?

A

Secretory phase begins at ovulation, when it is part of a 28-day cycle it usually lasts from day 15 to day 28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When does menstrual phase begin?

A

The menstrual phase begins with initiation of menses and lasts 3 to 5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some health benefits of contraceptives?

A

Condoms reduce transmission of infectious disease
Risk for endometrial cancer is reduced with combined hormonal contraceptives ( CHC) and DMPA and non-medicated IUCs
Risk reduced for ovarian cancer even in women with BRCA1 and BRCA 2
helps and regulates withdrawal bleeding and dysmenorrhea
menstrual blood loss in menorrhagia reduced with use of CHC
Acne
Perimenopause- positive effect on bone mineral density ( role of estrogen in bone health)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

You will educate your pt after femal sterilization to use another method for how long

A

for first 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Next effective second from top method after sterilization

A

is depo shot , pill, patch, IUD, diaphragm
Do injections on time
Change diaphragm every time you have intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Next level contraception third from top in the slide is

A

male condom, female condom used with spermicide, withdrawal method, sponge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Most common form of contraception reported by US females is

A

sterilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Female sterilization health benefits

A

decreses risk of ovarian cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Female sterilization health benefits

A

decreses risk of ovarian cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

With male-vasectomy, make sure you educate your pt

A

Make sure other methods of contraception used for first 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the top tier of contraceptive

A

IUCs and implant (expalon?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Copper T and ParaGard do not have hormone so they can be left for how long?

A

10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Levonogesterol can be inserted any time and health benefits are

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Before IUD you want to make sure what tests done?

A

chlamydia and pap smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

IUD that has 52 mg of progesterone

A

reduces menorrhagia, heavy bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Most side effect of LARC

A

Irregular bleeding/spotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Copper IUC has what side effect?

A

has cramping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Copper IUC may be used as emergent contraception up to

A

7 days after intercourse and can be kept up to 10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

WHO has list of medical problems that can exacerbate when using hormonal contraception, what is one of them?

A

migraines with aura is a contraceptive and pt can have ischemic stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Estrogen has been linked to with what condition

A

blood clots / stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

if a woman more than 35 and migraine with aura you can offer what alternative

A

progestin-only, intrauterine and barrier methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Patch is less effective in what kind of women

A

obese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are independent risk factors for VTE

A

OBESITY
COC
age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the contraceptives for obese women over 35 ?

A

DMPA
progestin implant
IUC
vasectomy of partner
barrier methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the oral EC for obese women?

A

ulipristal acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are some medications that may reduce contraceptive efficacy via enzyme induction?

A

carbamazepine
felbamate
oxcarbazepine
phenobarbital
phenytoin
primidone
topiramate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are other drugs that interfere with COC hormone levels

A

rifampin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

In what medical condition would you use progestin only COC ?

A

Systemic lupus erythematosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are contraindications to contraceptives?

A

postpartum < 21 days ( breastfeeding and not breastfeeding
smoker > 35 years > 15 cigarettes a day (COC, patch, ring)
HTN > 160 SYS >100 and with vascular disease (COC,patch, ring)
Past hx of DVT PE DVT/PE and using anticoagulants, known thrombophilia
major surgery with prolonged immunization
previous or current ischemic heart diseae
migraine with aura
systemic lupus eryth
antiphospholipid SYNDROME
AB+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Other contraindications slide 27

A

distorted uterine cavity
unexplained vaginal bleeding
current breast cancer
active viral hep-s ( COC, patch, ring)
severe cirrhosis ( COC, patch, ring
hepatocellular adenoma
malignant tumor ( COC, patch, ring
cervical or endometrial cancer
postseptic abortion
puerperal sepsis
current PID
gonorrhea, chlamydia, purulent cervicitis
active gestationsl trophoblastic disease
pelvic tuberculosis
pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

When you do first pap smear

A

Age 21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the cause for abnormal cervical cells?

A

HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Most common STI in U.S

A

HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Most commonly reported STI in U.S

A

Chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Treatment for genital herpes

A

1st infectionacyclovir 400 mg tid for 7-10 days
pt comes back month or two later– 400 mg TID for 5 days
pt comes back 3 months later—- acyclovir suppressive therapy 400 mg twice a day for a year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Trichomoniasis treatment

A

Flagyl 500 mg twice a day for 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Risk factors for chlamydia

A

multiple sex partners
failure to use barrier methods of contraception

62
Q

treatment for gonorrhea

A

Rocephin 500 mg IM once

63
Q

treatment for chlamydia

A

doxycycline 100 mg twice a day for 7 days
if allergic then zithromax

64
Q

PID treatment

A

rocephin 500 mg im
doxycycline 100 mg bid for 14 days
flagyl 500 mg bid 14 days

65
Q

classic symptoms of PID

A

cervical motion tenderness

66
Q

treatment for syphilis

A

2.4 million units im one time

67
Q

phases of syphilis

A

primary—lesion, chancre
secondary—- rash on palms of hands, soles of feet
tertiary— neurologic deficits like dementia
latent—- untreated asymptomatic syphilis

68
Q

most common chronic blood borne infection

A

hepatitis C

69
Q

leading cause of liver transplants in U.S

A

hepatitis C

70
Q

Vaccine preventable hepatits

A

Hepatitis B

71
Q

All pregnant women should be screened for ….
at first prenatal visit

A

HIV
Syphilis
Hepatitis B surface antigen
C. trachomatis

72
Q

The most common cause of chronic pelvic pain is

A

endometriosis

73
Q

Which labs will you order for patients with chronic pelvic pain?

A

CBC
ESR
Serologic testing for syphilis
Urinalysis and urine culture
Pregnancy testing
Vaginal smears and cultures to rule out infection
Stool guaic to evaluate GI pathology
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone

74
Q

What tests will you order for imaging for pt with pelvic pain?

A

US- transvaginal
CT scan
Barium enema
Flexible sigmoidoscopy/ colonoscopy
Pelvic venography
Cystoscopy
Laparoscopy

75
Q

List two diagnosis that are non gynecological reasons for pelvic pain

A

diverticulitis
irritable bowel syndrome
can be gastroenteritis
colon cancer
UTI
Renal calculi
pyelonephritis
bladder neoplasm

76
Q

For 25 and below and sexually active with pelvic pain make sure to screen for —–??

A

STI

77
Q

After 2 months with no period pt comes with spotted bleeding, what are your initial steps in treating this pt?

A

order vaginal pelvic US
and refer to GYN

78
Q

The milk duct is dilated, what is the term

A

ectasia is a benign non-cancerous breast condition

79
Q

For a woman with uterus you as a provider will never give….. what? think of hormone replacement therapy

A

Unopposed estrogen( without progesterone).

80
Q

For patients with HTN, Stroke, DVT what are the medications to give instead of hormone therapy

A

venlafaxine
gabapentin
escitalopram

81
Q

For woman in menopause at risk for osteoporosis what minerals will you prescribe?

A

Calcium 1200mg + vitamin D 800 mg

82
Q

What is the primary reason for menopause?

A

Aging

83
Q

Menopause is

A

Permanent cessation of menses after 1 year with no bleeding

84
Q

Menopause naturally occur at what age?

A

51

85
Q

What is one cause of premature menopause from medical intervention?

A

Bilateral oophorectomy
chemotherapy

86
Q

You have pt in your clinic with menopause that occurred before age 40, what are your steps?

A

Will consult GYN since this person at risk for osteoporosis

87
Q

What condition puts pt at risk for amenorrhea and what medication can help with it think of diabetes med

A

PCOS, metformin helps with insulin resistance

88
Q

What symptoms will pt report with menstrual bleeding changes ?

A

cycle closer together
cycles long cause ovaries trying to figure out now how to make more estrogen
skipped menstrual period
vaginal dryness
hot flashes

89
Q

What treatment will you recommend for patients with vaginal dryness, painful intercourse?

A

regular sexual activity
lubricants
moisturizers
local vaginal estrogen

90
Q

Patients with vaginal atrophy are at increased risk for STI, true or false

A

True, so educate your patients on risk of STI because older women may not be as knowledgeable as younger women about the infection risks

91
Q

Memory/concentration related to menopause, true or false

A

false, these related to normal aging/ mood/ stress/ life circumstances

92
Q

What is a serious threat for aging woman?

A

Osteoporosis associated with lower estrogen

93
Q

What is a T score for osteoporosis?

A

T score less than equal negative 2. 5

94
Q

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

low femoral BMD
age 50-90
parent hx of fracture
female sex
current tobacco smoking
weight
long term glucocorticoids use
height
rheumatoid arthritis
alcohol more than 3 units a day

95
Q

Menopause associated with increased cancer risk, true or false

A

False

96
Q

Screen for breast cancer

A

mammogram every 2 years 50-74 according to USPSTF

97
Q

Screen for colon cancer

A

colonoscopy every 10 years
fecal occult blood
sigmoidoscopy
barium enema every 5 years age 50

98
Q

screen for endometrial cancer

A

evaluate postmenopausal bleeding
with pelvic US and endometrial biposy

99
Q

screen for ovarian cancer

A

no satisfactory screening test but timely evaluation needed if present with bloating, pelvic pain, urinary urgency

100
Q

Screen for cervical cancer

A

Pap test every 3 years
(or every 5 years if combined with HPV) after a normal report 3 years in a row for women 50-64

101
Q

If pt older than or 65 pap test not necessary with 3 or more normal pap in a row, no abnormal pap in past 10 years, or 2 or more negative HPV in past 10 years, is this statement true or false

A

True

102
Q

For a patient with uterus, which HR therapy?

A

estrogen + progesterone therapy

103
Q

Estrogen+progesterone increases risk of breast cancer true or false

A

True

104
Q

Estrogen therapy alone lowers risk of breast cancer true or false,,,

A

True

105
Q

What is one question you will ask when doing thorough assessment of the menstrual cycle?

A

What does a normal menstrual cycle look like for you?

106
Q

AUB can be a sign of significant potential pathology, what are those?

A

ectopic pregnancy
endometrial cancer

107
Q

What is the system PALM-COEIN stand for?

A

PALM describes objective structural criteria
P-polyp
A- adenomyosis
L- leiomyoma
M-malignancy and hyperplasia

COEIN- describes categories unrelated to structural abnormalities
C-coagulopathy
O-ovulatory disfunction
E- endometrial
I- iatrogenic
N-not otherwise classified

108
Q

What is defined as chronic AUB?

A

chronic nongestational AUB in reproductive years as bleeding from uterus that is abnormal in duration, volume, frequency, and/or regularity that has been present for the majority of preceding 6 months

109
Q

What is defined as AUB?

A

episode of heavy bleeding that is sufficient quantity to require immediate intervention to minimize or prevent further blood loss

110
Q

What is intermenstrual bleeding?

A

bleeding between cyclically regular onset of menses, can be random or cyclic, can occur early, middle, late part of menstrual cycle

111
Q

What are the seven attributes of the symptom with AUB?

A

Location
Quality
Quality or Severity
Timing
Setting in which occurs
Remitting or exacerbating factors
Associated manifestation

112
Q

To assess the location of AUB what question will you ask?

A

Where is the bleeding coming from?
Does the person have pain?
Where is the pain located?
Where does it radiate?

113
Q

To assess the quality of AUB what question will you ask?

A

What is the pain like?
What is the bleeding like?
What is the pattern of bleeding like?

114
Q

To assess he quantity and severity of AUB what question will you ask?

A

How severe is the bleeding?
How concerning is the bleeding to the person?
How often do they need to change their pad or tampon?

115
Q

To assess the timing of AUB what question will you ask?

A

When did the bleeding start?
How often does it occur?
When does it occur in relation to the menstrual cycle?
How long does the bleeding last?

116
Q

To assess the setting in which AUB occurs what questions will you ask?

A

Ask about environmental factors, personal activities,
emotional reactions, other significant life events, such as childbirth, initiation of birth control that may contribute to AUB
Has the person experienced bleeding like this in the past?
How long did it last?

117
Q

To assess the remitting or exacerbating factors what will you ask?

A

What makes it better?
What makes it worse?

118
Q

To assess for associated manifestations in AUB what will you ask?

A

Have you noticed anything else that accompanies AUB?

119
Q

There are many potential sources of genital tract bleeding, what are they?

A

Lower genital tract: vulva, vagina, cervix
Urinary tract
Gastrointestinal tract

120
Q

What is the most important component of the history-taking process for a person who presents with AUB?

A

A detailed menstrual history

121
Q

What is one question will you ask to assess the menstrual history?

A

When was the first day of your last menstrual period and several previous menstrual periods?

122
Q

Some other questions to ask in assessing the AUB

A

How many days does the bleeding continue?
How many days of full bleeding do you have , and have many days of light bleeding or spotting?
Does bleeding occur between menstrual periods?
How heavy is the bleeding?
Does it wake you up from sleep?
Interfere with work activities?
Cause you to soak through tampons or pads at rapid rate?
If bleeding is irregular, how many bleeding episodes have there been in the past 6 to 12 months?
What is the average time from the first day of one bleeding to the next?

123
Q

In addition to menstrual history make sure to obtain
sexual history for AUB…..
and contraceptives, what are the rationales behind these assessments?

A

Risk for STI
Risk for pregnancy
Using contraception for menstrual control
Also you want to assess what method of contraception has been used
duration of use
if the method has been used correctly

124
Q

Taking a thorough contraceptive history in AUB may reveal what?

A

bleeding is mechanically caused by an intrauterine device (IUD)
related to the use of hormonal contraception such as oral contraceptives or injectable depot medroxyprgesterone acetate (Depo-Provera)
inquire about hormone therapy in postmenopausal women to rule out history of taking unopposed estrogen

125
Q

Make sure to ask about thyroid disorder and hormone secreting tumors in AUB, what questions will you ask?

A

Cold intolerance
Fatigue
Hyperactivity
Weight gain or loss
hair loss
changes in breast size
hirsutism
headache
breast discharge

126
Q

What kind of change on skin do you see in PCOS?
Make sure you look for it when doing physical in AUB

A

Acanthosis nigricans

127
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyperprolactinemia are…
you want to make sure you include these areas in your physical exam with AUB

A

do breast exam and check for galactorrhea—bilateral milky breast discharge

128
Q

Assess for signs of hyperandrogenism such as….
when evaluating pt with AUB

A

hirsutism
acne
clitoromegaly
male pattern baldeness

129
Q

A bimanual exam provides the opportunity to assess for …….

A

presence of tumors
cervical polyps
ovarian cysts
uterine tenderness
adnexal pain or masses

130
Q

A speculum exam enables observation of vagina and. cervix for evidence of

A

infection,
trauma
foreign objects

131
Q

Observe external genitalia during pelvic exam for signs of

A

clitoral hypertrophy
pubic hair
bruising
lacerations
lesions
evidence of infection

132
Q

General lab tests for all types of AUB are

A

Urine HCG
Serum HCG
CBC if anemia suspected
TSH if hypo/hyperthyroidism suspected
Prolactin if pt reports h/a, galactorrhea, peripheral vision changes
Pap test unless the person younger than 21
Nucleic acid amplification test for gonorrhea, chlamydia if person sexually active
Microscopic wet mount exam of vaginal secretions with normal saline and potassium hydroxide if infection is suspected
Coagulation studies if there is a history of abnormal bleeding, easy bruising, unexplained menorrhagia, include prothrombin time PT and activated partial thrombolastin time APTT

133
Q

What is the reliable first-line diagnostic tool for AUB?

A

Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS)

134
Q

AUB- P stands for what?

A

Endocervical polyps— benign growths on the cervix, bleeding occurs after intercourse
Endometrial polyps —- benign growths on the endometrium

135
Q

AUB- A stand for ?

A

Adenomyosis, small areas of endometrial tissue within myometrium

136
Q

AUB-L stand for?

A

Leiomyoma— known as fibroids in the myometrium— common benign pelvic tumors and leading cause of hysterectomy

137
Q

AUB- M stand for?

A

M-malignancy and hyperplasia

138
Q

AUB- C stand for?

A

Coagulopathy, one of the most commonly inherited bleeding disorder is von Willebrand disease

139
Q

AUB-O stand for?

A

Ovulatory dysfunction
Many causes of AUB-O stem from endocrinopathies including thyroid disorders, PCOS, excessive exercise, extreme mental distress

140
Q

What are subcategories of AUB-O ………..?

A

amenorrhea (absence of bleeding)
ovulatory uterine bleeding
anovulatory uterine bleeding

141
Q

Amenorrhea associated with elevated prolactin level is due to

A

prolactin inhibition of GnRH

142
Q

What is the treatment for acute non-life-threatening AUB

A

estrogen
combines-oral contraceptives
progestin-only therapy
levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs

143
Q

What is precocious menstruation?

A

Menarche before age 9

144
Q

What is the most common cause of amenorrhea?

A

Ovarian function abnormalities

145
Q

What is the most reliable measure of ovarian function?

A

Estrogen production, tests to assess estrogen production include serum estradiol levels, progestogen challenge test, US measurement of endometrial thickness, serum FSH concentration

146
Q

A random serum estradiol level that is greater 40 pg/ml indicates functioning ovaries, true or false

A

true

147
Q

What are the medications that can increase prolactin levels?

A

antidepressants
opiates
calcium-channel blockers
estrogens

148
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Absent menarche by 15 years of age

149
Q

amenorrhea

A

no bleeding for 90 days

150
Q

secondary amenorrhea

A

amenorrhea for 6 months with previous normal menstrual cycle

Midterm in Health Promotion class (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions