Final Exam IDs

Question 1

rulers of the Ottoman Empire from 1299 until 1923

Answer 1

Sultan

Question 2

an era of decadence in Catalan literature and history, generally thought to be caused by a general falling into disuse of the vernacular language in cultural contexts and lack of patronage among the nobility, even in lands of the Catalan-Aragonese Empire. This decadence is thought to accompany the general Castilianization of Spain and overall neglect for the Crown of Aragon’s institutions after the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon that resulted from the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, a union finalized in 1474.

Answer 2

Medieval Decadence

Question 3

• Assembled the first Roman Curia in the Church
• Pope from 1088 until 1099
• Changed the manner of relations between royal court and the Church

Answer 3

Pope Urban II

Question 4

• Lead first of the five sections of the People’s Crusade
• April 1096
• The root cause of the People’s Crusade

Answer 4

Peter The Hermit

Question 5

part of the First Crusade and lasted roughly six months from April 1096 to October. It is also known as the Peasants’ Crusade, Paupers’ Crusade or the Popular Crusade. Led by Walter Sans Avoir and Peter the Hermit, the army was destroyed by the Seljuk forces of Kilij Arslan.

Answer 5

The People’s Crusade

Question 6

In 1031 Edessa was given up to the Byzantines under George Maniakes by its Arab governor. It was retaken by the Arabs, and then successively held by the Greeks, the Armenians, the Seljuk Turks (1087), the Crusaders (1099), who established there the County of Edessa and kept the city until 1144, when it was again captured by the Turk Zengi, and most of its inhabitants were slaughtered together with the Latin archbishop (see Siege of Edessa). These events are known to us chiefly through the Armenian historian Matthew, who had been born at Edessa.

Answer 6

Edessa

Question 7

as originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, in April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and sacked the Christian (Eastern Orthodox) city of Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire). This is seen as one of the final acts in the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church, and a key turning point in the decline of the empire and of Christianity in the Near East.

Answer 7

The Fourth Crusade

Question 8

a Christian dualist movement that thrived in some areas of Southern Europe, particularly northern Italy and southern France, between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries. Cathar beliefs varied between communities because Catharism was initially taught by ascetic priests who had few set guidelines. The Cathars were a direct challenge to the Catholic Church, renouncing Catholic practices and dismissing it outright as the Church of Satan.

Answer 8

Catharism

Question 9

Radicals in the Catholic Church during the 13th and 14th centuries, that would self-inflict pain on themselves through whipping. The result was awareness in belief that the Catholic Church had a hierarchal system.

Answer 9

The Flagellants

Question 10

A chain of military conflicts and unrest from 1337 until 1453 between the Kingdoms of England and France for the control of the French throne. The result of the war was in French victory and the House of Valois was under French control.

Answer 10

The Hundred Years War

Question 11

She was captured by the Burgundians, transferred to the English in exchange for money, put on trial by the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais Pierre Cauchon for charges of “insubordination and heterodoxy”,[6] and was burned at the stake for heresy when she was 19 years old.

Answer 11

Jeanne d’Arc

Question 12

An artistic genre of late-medieval allegory on the universality of death: no matter one’s station in life, the Dance of Death unites all. Consists of the dead or personified Death summoning representatives from all walks of life. Produced to remind people of the fragility of their lives and how vain were the glories of earthly life. Origins roughly around the 15th century.

Answer 12

The Danse Macabre

Question 13

Monarch of the House of Valois that ruled as the King of France from 1422 until his death. He inherited the throne of France under desperate circumstances, during a civil war and guided them through it.

Answer 13

Charles VII

Question 14

An Angevin charter that was issued in 1215, and reissued later in the 13th century in modified versions. The charter essentially gave citizens of Britian basic liberties that were not granted by the King prior to passage of the charter. The charter forbid a free man from being punished except through the law of the land, which is still in effect in modern day English law.

Answer 14

The Magna Carta

Question 15

A period throughout a majority of the 14th century (1309-78) where seven successive popes resided in Avingon rather than Rome. The consequence was conflicting between the Papacy and the French crown.

Answer 15

The Avignon Papacy

Question 16

Considered one of the very first church reformers for his time. His notions on radical change within the church led to him being burnt at the stake, but his legacy would eventually lead to the Protestant movement throughout Europe.

Answer 16

Jan Huss

Question 17

Unionists were people and political groups that unified to create the modern-day United Kingdom, while anti-unionists opposed the idea.

Answer 17

Unionists and Anti-Unionists

Question 18

Nicknamed “Dracula”, this person lead an Ottoman conquest during his rulings from 1456 until 1462, he was known to impale his enemies he defeated. It lead to a growth in protected Christianity in Eastern Europe. And prevented Islam from spreading into the region.

Answer 18

Vlad Ţepeş

Question 19

An Italian scholar who lived from 1304-1374, that is credited as being the Father of Humanism. His legacy lead to the rise of Renaissance Humanism in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Answer 19

Petrarch

Question 20

a collection of intellectual Greek and Roman teachings, undertaken by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as Renaissance humanists, taking place initially in Italy, and then spreading across Europe

Answer 20

Humanism

Question 21

a period of European art that emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. It lasted until about 1580 in Italy, when the Baroque style began to replace it, but Northern Mannerism continued into the early 17th century

Answer 21

Maniera Moderna

Question 22

In the early church, especially from the third century on, ecclesiastic authorities allowed a confessor or a Christian awaiting martyrdom to intercede for another Christian in order to shorten the other’s canonical penance.[6]
The Council of Epaon in 517 witnesses to the rise of the practice of replacing severe canonical penances with something new and milder. It became customary to commute penances to less demanding works, such as prayers, alms, fasts and even the payment of fixed sums of money depending on the various kinds of offences (tariff penances). By the tenth century some penances were not replaced but merely reduced in connection with pious donations, pilgrimages and similar meritorious works. Then, in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the recognition of the value of these works began to become associated not so much with canonical penance but with remission of the temporal punishment due to sin.[43]

Answer 22

The Sale of Indulgences

Question 23

a major branch of Western Christianity that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians. Calvinists broke with the Roman Catholic church but differed with Lutherans on the real presence of Christ in the Lord’s supper, theories of worship, and the use of God’s law for believers, among other things.

Answer 23

Calvinism