Final Exam- IDS Flashcards
Total War
When: example: D- Day June 6 1944
Who: 300,000 soldiers and sailors and 11,000 airplanes & Civilians
Where: Bombing the town of Normandy
What: 3,000 French civilians killed in first 24 hours from allied bombs & 15-20,000 French civilians killed in total by bombings by U.S. forces
Why: Led to liberation of Paris & Germans began moving back in every direction & their control was shrinking
Blitzkrieg
When: Sept 1st, 1939
Who: “Lighting war” & “Wehrmacht” German Army
Where: First used by Nazis against Poland
What: planes and heavy artillery to destroy communication, quickly destroy land and leave it barren and uninhabitable, all out invasion of Poland by Germans who were later assisted by Soviet Union, & Poland surrendered 4 short weeks later on Sep 28, 1939
Why: Big change from WWI and trench warfare, Germans went through and obliterated everything instead of fighting man-to-man combat to gain a few measly miles
Alphabet Soup
When: FDR’s federal work programs in 1933
Who: Roosevelt
Where: the US
What: New Deal. WPA (Works Progress Admin) constructed public buildings, bridges, & highways. 1/5 of entire U.S. work force worked for WPA at some point during 1930’s
Why: Attempt to end Depression. The four presidents before did nothing; it was a new approach at ending the depression. Response to communism.
The Battle of the Bulge
When: Dec 16, 1944 to Jan 25, 1945 Who: Nazis vs Allies (Us and Britain) Where: Ardennes Forest in Belgium What: 90,000 American soldiers killed or wounded and 80-100,000 Germans killed or wounded Why: Hitler’s last stand.
League of Nations
When: 1919
Who: Big 4: Britain, France, Italy, U.S.
Where: Paris
What: Woodrow Wilson proposed to prevent future wars & U.S. did not join & Not effective in maintaining peace & Could only use economic sanctions to halt aggression
Why: First international organization whose main objective was to maintain world peace
Nazism
When: 1929-1945
Who: Adolf Hitler
Where: Germany
What: Socialist, totalitarian regime with a focus of a dominant race and one dictator
Why:
- New government in Nazi Germany, with underlying focus on expansion into underlying Europe, which inevitably led to WWII
- We had been fighting absolutism since Napoleon. It is now back to question Democracy.
Communism
When: 1928
Who: Stalin
Where: Soviet Union
What:
- 2 ideologies (democracy and communism) dominated 20th century
- started his 5-year plan and turned privately owned farms to collective farms
- started program to educate peasants to be communist
Why: they were the first to apply Marxist theory, but it did not work and there is still no working example of communism
Five-Year Plan
When: 1928-1932 ***
Who: Stalin
Where: Soviet Union
What: Industrial production quadrupled between 1928 and 1937
Why:
- goal was to transform the Soviet union into an industrial country overnight
- Stalin hoped to catch up to the more advanced Western capitalist nations
Mein Kampf
When: 1923 when he was in German Prison
Who: Adolf Hitler
Where: he was imprisoned in Landsberg, not far from Munich
What:
- “My Struggle” written by Hitler when he was in prison
Why:
- contained his personal ideologies
- Extreme German nationalist
- Anti- Semitism
- “Living Space” for Germans (Lebensraum), needed room to flourish like Ottoman Empire
Kamikaze
When: 1945
Who: Japan and U.S.
Where: Battle for Okinawa
What:
- “Divine wind”
- largest number of naval casualties in either Atlantic or Pacific
Why: Last ditch effort by Japan to win the war (can be likened to the Battle of the Bulge in Europe as last ditch effort) Fails miserably, doesn’t have enough of an effect, waste of life
Stalingrad
When: 1942
Who: German troops
Where: Volga River within Soviet Union
What:
- German soldiers occupied 95% of the city after one month
- 300,000 soldiers and only 91,000 came out of battle
Why: First real loss for Germans, beginning of the end. Don’t break the blitzkrieg
Hiroshima
When: August 6th and 9th 1945- U.S. dropped atomic bomb
Who: President Harry Truman
Where: Hiroshima
What:
- first use of the atomic bomb, “Little boy” and “Fat man”
- 120,000 people killed in Hiroshima and 80,000 killed in Nagasaki
Why: new type of warfare, led to surrender of Japanese on Aug 14, 1945 & end of WWII
The Truman Doctrine
When: 1947
Who: President Harry Truman & America
Where: Turkey and Greece
What: Truman was worried when British had to pull out of Turkey and Greece due to economic issues, doctrine said U.S. would provide money to countries that claimed they were threatened by communist expansion
Why: Shows how much U.S. and democracy hate communism and do not want it to spread throughout the free world
The Marshall Plan
When: June 1947 Who: American General George C Marshall Where: U.S. In Western Europe What: $13 billion to rebuild Europe after WWII Why: Economic aid to help rebuild Europe
“Vietnamization”
When: 1969
Where: S Vietnam
Who: Nixon
What: Progressive withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Vietnam to give more responsibility to S. Vietnamese troops. (Arvin) army of the republic of Vietnam.
Why: We are still using this technique in Afghanistan, where we go in and try to restore order and then leave (doesn’t work). They turn on us
