Final Exam IDs Flashcards by James Shackelford

Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus

Capitoline Hill

ca. 550 BC

Temple is built around the time that other great temples were going up around the world - Temple of Zeus at Athens - Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Temple of Hera at Samos
Overlooked the Roman Forum and the Via Sacra
Important processional location - all of the imperial triumphs ended at this location.
Became a significant place to reengage with the Roman Topography - rebuilt under several emperors
3 Cella side by side - Jupiter, Minerva, Juno
Burnt to the ground several times - in 83 BC, rebuilt near the end of the Republic, restored by Augustus, burnt down & restored in 60s, burnt down and restored under Domitian, etc.
center of the religious system of the state during the republic and empire

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Temple Complex to Fortuna and Mater Matuta

San Omobono (Aventine Hill)

6th c. BCE, then 396 BCE

Temples as triumphal monuments - begins in 396 with construction of Manubial temples
Complex at San Omobono - temple of Fortuna, mater Matuta
Veiian weapons sent to Delphia - following the model established by the Syracusians
Done by Marcus Furius Camillus
Marks them as a major player
Really establishes two major trends within Roman Temple construction
First - clustering of temples in this location picked up in other locations - grouping of 4 manubial temples in the Largo Argentina, temple of cybele and apollo,
This complex is also indicative of the trend to develop manubial temples within roman culture -

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Roman expansion 4th-2nd c. BCE

B/c they are a major player, need a major ancestry - Trojan ancestry established by the late 4th c. BCE

Similar claims by the Goths, Venetians, Turks, Hapsburgs
Roma begins wearing the Phrygian cap
Hero’on at Lavinium -
Cult of Cybele imported at the end of the second Punic Wars

As we move through the 4th & 3rd c. - wars in increasing scope

Veii - 396 BC
Gauls 390 BC
Samnites 343-290 BC
1st Punic War - 264-241 BC
2nd Punic War: 218-201 BC

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Temple to Cybele and Temple to Apollo

(Roman Expansion)

B/c they are a major player, need a major ancestry - Trojan ancestry established by the late 4th c. BCE

Similar claims by the Goths, Venetians, Turks, Hapsburgs
Roma begins wearing the Phrygian cap
Hero’on at Lavinium -
Cult of Cybele imported at the end of the second Punic Wars

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Forum Boarium/ Round Temple -

Round Temple - 130-120 BCE

Indicative of the military successes of Rome - triumphal temple groups adding to prestige of individual temples
Military successes brought increased wealth into the city - Increasing grandeur around the Forum Boarium/Round Temple and Largo argentina temples -
Imported marble - Cararra Marble - Extravagence of Rome and display of wealth
Round Temple -

Temple dedicated to Hercules Victor
Likely built by L. Mummius who defeated Greek city of Corinth
First Corinthian temple in Rome, similar to temples in Greece of the 4th and 3rd c. cf. Sanctuary of the Great Gods
Near the mouth of Truth
Features Drafted Margin Masonry
Made almost entirely of Pentelic Marble and situated on a low Krepis, built as a Greek Tholos - round style is not seen in Rome until 3rd quarter of 2nd c. BC

Largo Argentina complex -

Temple A: Iuturna, T. Lutatius, 1st Ounic War, ca. 241
Temple B: Fortuna Huiusce Diei, Lutatius Catullus, 101
BCE
Temple C: Feronia, 300 BCE over Sabines
Temple D: Lares Permerini

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Temple of Juno Regina and Temple of Jupiter Staator

Temple to Juno Regina - early 4th c. BCE

Temple of Jupiter - 146 BCE

Grouped Temples
First Marble Temple - Jupiter Staator in 146 BC
Imported architect - Hermodorus of Salamis
Granicus group displayed as victory monuments at the porticus Metelli - around the temples
- Participates in a larger trend for the display of booty -

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Altar to Domitius Ahenobarbus

ca. 100 BCE

Campus Martius

Area becoming increasingly important for the larger display of wealth and of booty from conquest
Census, Suovetaurlia, Maritime gods on the sides, Possibly celebrating victory over pirates
Possibly a human and god image - but next example is not for another 180 years - probably human and human
Triumphal procession began near the Circus Flaminius - ended near the Temple of Jupiter

Reference the nearby display of the Granicus group - also would become an area for display of Augustus’ obelisk/horologium/Ara Pacis

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Tomb of the Scipios - 2nd c. BCE

Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus - 298 BCE

Caere Sarcophagus - ca. 550 BCE

Trio Tomb Suite - set up by one of the major families responsible for Roman Military Successes -

Scipio Africanus the Elder
L. Scipio Asiagenus
Ennius -Poet

Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus - Res Gestae on the sarcophagus

Features a Res Gestae of sorts - informs us that he was a Consul in 298 BC -
Different form than the Etruscan sarcophagi - still not a dominant form of burial
Inhumation becoming more popular at this point
Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbartus

298 BC

Features inscription with family lineage, lists of political offices, and military conquests

Consul in 298, censor in 290 - sarcophagus ca. 280 BCE
Tomb of the Scipios

Part of a long line of burials - shown with the Caere Sarcophagus (c. 550 BC)
Part of the Tomb of the Scipios - 2nd c. BCE (tomb for Scipio Africanus the Elder)
Inscription similar to the Elogia read out during the aristocratic funeral

Caere Sarcophagus

ca. 550 BCE
One of two burial practices active in Rome (the other being cremation)
Draws on line of Etruscan burial practices, imported from Greece during time of increased interaction and cultural movement
Alters the typical symposium scene seen in Greece by the introduction of women

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Temple at Palestrina and at Tivoli (Hercules Victor)

2nd century BCE -

Monumental sacred complexes
Palestrina’s temple of Fortuna
Dominant axial symmetry
Tivoli, hercules Victor

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Roman Forum

2nd c. BCE

Forum coming together -

Basilicas start appearing in this period -
First is the Basilica Porcia - 180s BC
Also Basilica Aemilia and Basilica Sempronia
Nearby - the Regia and Temple of Vesta -
Also Curia/Comitium/Rostra complex
Rostral Column of Maenius - in the 4th c. CE
Temple of the Dioscuri and Temple of Saturn here

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Political Propoganda of Sulla - Early 1st Century CE

Moving into the 1st c. BCE - Military men seizing control of the Roman State

Sulla - first to utilize Aphrodite/Venus in his propaganda
“Epaphroditos” - Associated with Aphrodite (on his coins)
Felix -
Iusus Troiae - establishes Trojan games for the upper class youth of Rome
Would occur in the Circus Maximus just below the Temple of Cybele (also Trojan/Eastern)
Battle of the Colline gate 82 BC - war is endemic of this period - foreign
Also wars in Germany
Italian Allies - Social wars (wars against allies)
Fires sweep through Rome in this period - massive period of building
Importation of temple components -
Zeus Olympios - brought in from sack of Athens

Sulla as Victor in the battle of the Colline Gate - secures control of Rome following the Civil Wars

as ‘Favorite of Venus’ - Epaphrodites
Starts the Iusus Troiae
Cornucopia promising abundance -
Monuments to Sulla -
Establishes precedents that would later be picked up by Caesar/Pompey
cf. Monument to Sulla

ca. 104 BCE

Capitoline Hill

Erected to honor Sulla by the king of Bocchos
In honor of victories in the Jugurtha campaign
Engages a relatively recent phenomenon in Rome established by Marius in his defeat of the Gauls (121 BC)
Similar to Numidian victory monuments, features trophies, shield on the front with image of Sulla
Victories and Eagle in the Center

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Political Propoganda of Sulla - Early 1st Century CE

Moving into the 1st c. BCE - Military men seizing control of the Roman State

Sulla - first to utilize Aphrodite/Venus in his propaganda
“Epaphroditos” - Associated with Aphrodite (on his coins)
Felix -
Iusus Troiae - establishes Trojan games for the upper class youth of Rome
Would occur in the Circus Maximus just below the Temple of Cybele (also Trojan/Eastern)
Battle of the Colline gate 82 BC - war is endemic of this period - foreign
Also wars in Germany
Italian Allies - Social wars (wars against allies)
Fires sweep through Rome in this period - massive period of building
Importation of temple components -
Zeus Olympios - brought in from sack of Athens
Establishes precedents that would later be picked up by Caesar/Pompey

cf. Monument to Sulla

ca. 104 BCE
Capitoline Hill
Erected to honor Sulla by the king of Bocchos
In honor of victories in the Jugurtha campaign
Engages a relatively recent phenomenon in Rome established by Marius in his defeat of the Gauls (121 BC)
Similar to Numidian victory monuments, features trophies, shield on the front with image of Sulla
Victories and Eagle in the Center

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Theater of Pompey

55 BC

Campus Martius - Southern Side

Built by Pompey following his successful campaigns in Asia Minor and Syria
Theater is a public works donation, part of the larger construction competitions funded by wealth generated from conquest (cf. Caesar and his constuctions)
Theater complex is legitimized by the small Temple to Venus Victrix at the top of the complex’
Included on the Forma Urbis Romae
Building on the model of Sulla - Appropriation of Venus as part of legitimation campaign
Fruits of the triumphs displayed in the courtyard
Res Gestae inside of the Temple of Venus (in the Theater of Pompey) - precursor to Augustus
Triumphal Monument of Pompey - La turbie
See also Adamkilissi (Trajanic in Romania)

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Gaius Julius Caesar - 100-44 BC

Use of Aenias on coins -
46 BC - Quadruple triumph
First Imperial Fora - built right next to the Roman Forum - ca. 42 BCE
Temple of Venus Genetrix - Venus as Matriarch of the family
Rebuilding of much of the Roman Forum in Marble
- Basilica Julia 46 BC - (Basilica Sempronia - know almost nothing, built in 170s BC as law courts)
- Curia Julia
- Forum of Julius Caesar - First Imperial Forum
First person elevated to Divus status - under Augustus

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Theater of Pompey

55 BC

Campus Martius - Southern Side

Built by Pompey following his successful campaigns in Asia Minor and Syria
Theater is a public works donation, part of the larger construction competitions funded by wealth generated from conquest (cf. Caesar and his constuctions)
Theater complex is legitimized by the small Temple to Venus Victrix at the top of the complex’
Included on the Forma Urbis Romae
Building on the model of Sulla - Appropriation of Venus as part of legitimation campaign
Fruits of the triumphs displayed in the courtyard
Res Gestae inside of the Temple of Venus (in the Theater of Pompey) - precursor to Augustus
Triumphal Monument of Pompey - La turbie
See also Adamkilissi (Trajanic in Romania)

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Gaius Julius Caesar - 100-44 BC

Use of Aenias on coins -
46 BC - Quadruple triumph
First Imperial Fora - built right next to the Roman Forum - ca. 42 BCE
Temple of Venus Genetrix - Venus as Matriarch of the family
Rebuilding of much of the Roman Forum in Marble
Basilica Julia 46 BC - (Basilica Sempronia - know almost nothing, built in 170s BC as law courts)
Curia Julia
Forum of Julius Caesar - First Imperial Forum
First person elevated to Divus status - under Augustus

Second Triumvirate: 43-33 BC

Octavian, Antony, Lepidus
Deification of Caesar (divus): 42 BC -

First time that a ruler is lifted up to the semi-divine status in Roman society - above a man, below a god -
Deification of leaders had been common since Alexander the Great - if not from earlier
Octavian could now claim to be Divi Filius - Son of a God, coin shows a comet - Comet of Caesar - appeared for 7 days and seen as Caesar’s becoming divine
Statues often had a hole - for umbrella (to prevent perching) or for a star if divinized
Octavian introduces new type of coinage language - iconographic themes
Especially ones involving the Zodiac - the Capricorn - Zodiac sign of his conception
Capricorn holding the globe of the world, cornucopia on its back, Augustus on the bottom of the coin

Forum of Augustus

began in 42 BC and dedicated in 2 BC
All of these themes come together - Roman ordering of the world into time and eternity
Temple of Mars Ultor - (Mars the Avenger) - where he goes after those who murdered Caesar
Battle of Philippi, 42 BC
Monument dedicated - 2 BC
Near Mussolini’s Street of the Empire - just by the Forum of Julius Caesar
Subura of Rome sits behind the Forum of Augusuts
Fires would break out in this areas all the time - wooden tenements
Lit by lamps - fires would sweep the area quite frequently
Large firewall behind the Augustus - Pepperino - fireproof stone
Keeps the fires from the Sabura
Layout of the Forum
Quadriga in the center of the Forum
Statues of Roman leaders placed around the complex
Exedra -
Julian family in the Western Exedra - Family tree of the Julian Gens - Julians, Aeneas, Kings of Alba Longa
Eastern Exedra - Romulus
Central Temple - Many of the gods - Romulus, Venus, Mars, Fortuna, Roma, Divus Julius
Combined expression - pinnacle of the military, religious, civic legacy of Rome
His genealogical chart is on display in the form
Statues of Aeneas and Romulus - across from each other in the juxtaposed Exedra
Copied in Pompeii, Also in Spain at Augusta Emerita
Aeneas and Romulus both dressed as a Roman General
Ascaneus - still bears the Parthian Phrygian Cap
Many of the eulogia statues from around Rome - Great People - survive
Great figures of the Republic - all men
Summi Viri - Great Men in Latin
Changes under Trajan - first to include women
In this space - have the Augustan Caryatids, Parthians, then the Dacian Caryatids on Trajan’s forum

Ara Pacis - 13-9 BCE

Horologium of Augustus / Ara Pacis
Timepiece, victory monument, calendar
Parthian Arch of Augustus - ca. 20 C
First triple bayed triumphal arch in Rome
In religion/politics/war - all culminate in the figure of Augustus
In images on the Forum of Augustus, also in res gestae
Mausoleum of Augustus
- Unusual form for this monument - no established Roman type in use at this point
- Cf. the Pyramid tomb,
- Res Gestae here - continuing on Pompey’s tradition (also Scipios)
- Size is closer to the tombs of the Hellenistic Kings

Mausoleum of Augustus

28-23 BC

Campus Martius

Artificial Hill, covered by evergreen trees
Entrance flanked by 2 large obelisks - part of the booty from Egypt
Exterior contains a plan for the construction of the Pantheon, found by Haselberger - was out of the way so it served as a staging area for materials
Large outer ring and grove, inner columned circular chamber - circumambulation possibly related to veneration of military trophies

Mausoleum of Augustus

Unusual form for this monument - no established Roman type in use at this point
Cf. the Pyramid tomb,
Res Gestae here - continuing on Pompey’s tradition (also Scipios)
Size is closer to the tombs of the Hellenistic Kings

Images of the Deified Augustus -

Gemma Augustea - Late Augustan Period (Early 1st CE)

Gemma Augustea -

On the throne with Roma, with the Lituus, Laurel Wreath
Augustus’ zodiac sign in front of him -
Trophy below, victorious sons getting out of the triumphal chariot
Imperial family as Hellenistic kings in private art - different than the public image
Depicted as a God in public life only after death -

Temple of the Deified Augustus

Difference between Private/Public display
Trojan Imagery -
Only preserved on coins, would have been in the Forum near the temple of the Divine Julius Caesar

Domus Aurea

Palatine and Esquiline Hills

60s CE

Spans Palatine and Esquiline hills
Built over domus transitorium that burned down in great fire of 64
Finished in 3 years by the time Nero dies
300 acres (1/3 of central park)
Designed by Severus and Celer
Gardens around artificial lake
Colossal statue of Helios with Nero’s head
Represented on coins later on
Nude nero with a rudder sticking into an orb
Extensively vaulted
Dining room
Seems to be tracks around oculus
Planetarium so you can see the sky moving as you dine beneath it
Octagonal merging into a dome
Flowers fall on you and mists of perfume
Decoration
3rd style wall painting with scenes
Mostly from Trojan War
Laocoon probably housed here
Grotesque because the figures hang out in the grottos

Templum Pacis

Late 1st c. CE (69-79)

Imperial Forum

In fact monument to war
Show case triumph over Judaea
Gilded bronze manorah, ark of covenant?
Columns of Egyptian Granite
Coins struck with him holding a spear and his foot on the globe of the
world, before palm tree with personification of Judaea forlornly sitting
below
Rectangular temple with long side opening to forum
Dedicated to personification of peace
Represented on Severan Plan
Joined rectangular space interpreted as landscaping
Marble plan is found affixed to Templum
Likely had a Flavian predecessor
Greek and Latin libraries on either side
Fragmentary
Red granite fountain

Temple of Vespasian - Late 1st c. CE

Arch of Titus - 81 CE

Arch of Titus

celebrates the victory over Judea -
Emblematic of the militaristic depiction of the emperor - celebrating the victory
Looting and spoils taken away - reminiscent of the display of wealth following conquest that had long been part of Roman display practices

Forum of Nerva

Late 1st c. CE

Roman Forum

Located between the Temple of Augustus and Templum Pacis
Contained Personifications of the provinces - something often seen elsewhere such as at Aphrodisias
Planned by Domitian but completed under Nerva
Joined the Forum to the Roman Subura
Between the forum of Augustus and Templum Pacis - Templum of his father
Monumentalized passageway from the slums above (Subura) to the Forum -
Double ring dentils - of the later first or second century CE, cornices become increasingly elaborate in this period
Two columns bracketed out from the wall, a significant portion of the frieze still remains
Women shown engaged in traditionally feminine activities, weaving, etc.
Story of Arachne featured here as well
Part of Domitian’s strict moral code, images of women leading traditional lives near the place of heavy prostitution
Unusual subject for the Imperial Forum -
Thought to be a Minerva represented above - Domitian’s patron deity
Instead, an inscription makes it a relief of the Pirousti, Aphrodisias Sebasteion - (Think Augustus’ portico of nations)

Forum of Trajan

113 CE

Roman Forum

Multipart complex - largest of the Imperial Fora constructed in Rome

Entered into a columned portico with large statue of Trajan at the center
- same shields and Caryatids also found on the forum of Augustus
- Dacians rendered in a pavonacetto marble
- Shields would have had the great men and the great women of the empire
Basilica Ulpia
- Blaze of color - imported marble and bright painting
- Law courts of trajan
Historiated Column of Trajan - Tomb
- Column was the height of the hill that was removed
- Illustrates the events of the Dacian Wars
- Trajan on top - would have faced the forum
Greek and latin libraries - cf. Templum Pacis
Assumed that there was a Temple to Trajan at the back, not found -

Campus Martius

Republican Campus Martius
- Temples to Juno Regina and Jupiter Staator – 146 BCE
- Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus ca. 100 BCE
- Theater of Pompey -
Augustan Program built here
- Horologium of Augustus/Ara Pacis
- Mausoleum of Augustus
Period of great building under Domitian
- Stadium, odeum, iseum, porticus divorum
Reengaged by Hadrian
- Temple to Matilda
- Temple to Hadrian
- Pantheon
- Mausoleum of Hadrian