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Molecular Animals > Final Exam Greatest Hits > Flashcards

Final Exam Greatest Hits Flashcards

1
Q

hormones

A

moves thru blood, impact based on receiving end

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2
Q

hormone classes

A

protein/peptide (insulin, adh), catecholamines, thyroid (modified amino acids), steroid (inc sex hormones, aldosterone, cortisol)

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3
Q

how is blood hormone conc regulated

A

production changes, degradation stays stable

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4
Q

thyroid hormone production

A

made in colloids (spheres of cells where amino acids are modified) and made when attached to protein backbone. leaves colloid and diffuses out upon release from this peptide

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5
Q

adrenal gland medulla

A

makes catecholemines

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6
Q

adrenal gland cortex

A

makes steroids inc cortisol, aldosterone

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7
Q

pituitary and hypothalamus anatomy

A

middle of brain, pituitary dangles from hypothalamus. ant pituitary is endocrine, posterior is NS

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8
Q

posterior pituitary

A

neurosecretory cells release nonapeptides. inc ADH and oxytocin

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9
Q

oxytocin effects

A

birth, bonding, monogamy

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10
Q

anterior pituitary

A

makes peptide hormones (usually prohormones) responding to releasing or inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus. = thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (goes to liver, tissue, cell metabolism), LH and FSH, and prolactin which is actually a real hormone for milk secretion

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11
Q

portal system

A

capillaries btwn tissues ie. hypothalamus to pituitary

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12
Q

adrenocortical stress hormone response (+ pathway)

A

hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), ant pituitary ACTH, goes to adrenals which release cortisol which - feedbacks the CRH and ACTH prod. this results in increased blood glucose, suppressed immune system, stimulates aldosterone

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13
Q

cushings syndrome

A

overactive pituitary ACTH leads to too much cortisol

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14
Q

glucose obtained from sympathetic vs adrenocortical stress

A

sympathetic uses glycogen, cortisol takes it from proteins and fats

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15
Q

mineralocoracoids

A

stimulate salt/water retention (inc ase of blood loss)

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16
Q

why is cortisol long term stress response

A

steroid, so changes gene expression

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17
Q

stress and cognition

A

low stress improves performance, high stress impairs

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18
Q

cortisol other uses

A

inhibits inflammation (for injuries)

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19
Q

muscle cell structure

A

myofibrils wrapped in sarcoplasmic reticulum with t tubules, nuclei and mitochondria around

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20
Q

sarcomere contraction basic

A

thin filaments climb toward center of thick filament to contract. z lines are where actin is anchored

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21
Q

thin filament

A

actin with troponin (binds Ca2+ to move tropomyosin from active sites) and tropomyosin(regulates binding)

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22
Q

myosin

A

heads pull on actin during contraction, require atp. heads are out of phase so not all must be active at once or stop working all at once. binding actin releases prod from ATP dephos and releases energy for myosin to climb

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23
Q

stabilizing components in sarcomere

A

nebulin stabilizes actin, titin anchors actin, is elastic, helps muscle return to og state (largest protein, length = 1/2 sarcomere)

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24
Q

AP moves to sarcomeres..

A

AP from NMJ travels thru t-tubules, channels on SR become unblocked by the t-tubule and Ca is released to sarcomere

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25
EC coupling + steps
excitiation contraction coupling, as long as AP holds the contraction will hold (w/ sufficient ATP). AP propagates, t-tubules allow SR to release Ca, which binds to troponin, troponin moves tropomyosin, myosin attaches to actin, power stroke, myosin detaches (repeat until ATP is depleted), Ca detaches and tropomyosin moves back.
26
muscle fatigue
results from low ATP, contraction is inhibited
27
recruitment
spatial summation, controlling contraction via how many muscle cells are involved
28
muscle twitch
force produced by 1 AP
29
tetanus for skeletal muscle
1 AP saturates troponin, so tetanus actually stretches elastic components to their full limit to transfer force to bone (boom movement)
30
toadfish sonic muscles
200 Hz twitch. others.. hummingbird = 70, rattlesnake = 90... rookies. they do it by low troponin Ca affinity, high Ca pump conc, very close SR, rapid myosin detachment
31
motor unit
100-1000 motor neurons for a muscle can each be activated separately to only engage some muscle blocks of the whole for less force
32
sarcolemma
muscle cell membrane
33
cardiac muscle
still striated, but less organized than skeletal. mononucleate but connected via intercalated discs with gap junctions and desmosomes, have pacemaker cells that generate 100-500 ms APs to prevent tetanus
34
funny sodium channels
open at -60 mV
35
AP path thru heart
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundles of his, punkinje fibers
36
heart AP prop; channels involved
funny sodium open, Ca t-type bring it to -40, l-type Ca open to bring it to 0, K open to bring it back to resting.
37
how is tetanus prevented by cardiac AP length
length is same as contraction, and new AP cannot be sent until the old one is over soooo when new AP can be sent the contraction is alr joever
38
esophagus
has smooth and skeletal muscle
39
smooth muscle cells
longer, slower, low fatigue. no striation, network on actin/myosin compresses entire cell. myosin moves slower (slower ATP cycling), dont use much ATP to pump Ca into SR.
40
myosin light chain kinase
helps smooth muscle save atp. ca enters cells, activates calmodulin which activates kinase. it stays phosphorylated until is manually deactivates, so less ATP is needed to keep myosin active and contract longer
41
single-unit muscles
heart, peristalsis (always together due to gap junctiosn)
42
multi-unit smooth muscle
iris. neuronally controlled
43
myogenic contractions
cardiac, some smooth muscle. tends to be single-unit
44
phasic contractions
waves like peristalsis
45
tonic contraction
sustained position
46
true circulatory system for this class
has heart and blood and vessels
47
blood
45% cells and proteins, 55% plasma. plasma is 91% water.
48
flow rate in system
constant
49
blood volume in vessels
largest in veins, smallest in capillaries
50
vessel composition
arteries - most elastic, arterioles - muscle to allocate blood, capillaries - single cell, veins - very large and less elastic
51
pressure moderation btwn beats
due to elastic large arteries
52
Ohms law for pressure
pressure diff = QR (flow rate * R)
53
resistance eq (Poisseuilles law)
R = 8nl/pi(r^4) where n is viscosity
54
pressure and resistance
pressure inc behind area of R and dec when it is past
55
blood pressure numbers
systolic (beats) / diastolic (empty)
56
resistance in series
add up
57
resistance in parallel
1/(1/R1 +1/R2 .....)
58
vasochanges how
sympathetic constricts, parasymp dilates, but local control dominates autonomic. based on high metabolite conc the organ can call more blood via vasodilation = AUTOREGULATION
59
total cross sectional vessel area
highest for capillaries, smallest for aortas/veins
60
blood velocity for vessels
slowest for capillaries, fastest for arteries. close to inverse cross-sectional area
61
MAP eq (both)
MAP = CO*TPR = (sys+2dias)/3
62
how does bp cuff work
cuts off blood flow and then slowly restores until it gets to the peaks of the other side
63
turbulent flow
systolic bp pushes squirt of blood thru when pressure of cuff is almost cutting off all flow
64
time in contraction for heart
more time relaxed than contracted
65
CO eq
CO = HR * stroke volume
66
exercise blood changes
double CO, skeletal muscle gets 10X the blood, skin gets 2.5x
67
venous return is promoted via..
pressure, valves, blood volume, respiratory pump pressure, suction from atria, skeletal muscle contraction, vasoconstriction
68
max stroke volume =
end diastolic ventricle volume
69
lymph system
returns blood volume lost by capillaries
70
path of blood in heart
vena cava > r atrium > r ventricle > pulmonary artery > pulm circuit > pulmonary veins > l atrium > l ventricle > aorta > system
71
why do we need purkinje fibers
ventricle contraction must be highly concerted
72
length of ventricular contraction
1/3 second
73
ECG
electrocardiogram, traces APs as an aggregate based on signals at skin surface
74
big spike on ecg
QRS complex, = depolarization of ventricles
75
why are the conducting parts AP not reflected in ecg
only large disturbances due to muscle contraction are detected
76
ecg spike pattern
1st little = atria depolarizes, big = ventricle depolarizes, smaller (t) = repolarization
77
sounds of heart causes
1st AV flap closes, then aortic/pulmonary flap closes
78
when do flaps open
when pressure from prev chamber exceeds the one it is going to. they close when pressure from the second chamber exceeds the 1st
79
ventricle filling timing
starts before atria depolarize (passive, pressure diff after ventricles empty)
80
pressure btwn heart sides
L higher pressure than R
81
systole
when muscle is contracting
82
intrinsic control
SV and HR controlled by venous return
83
autonomic input on HR
beta 1 adrenergic and muscarinic receptors can change HR
84
stroke volume from autonomic input
can be changed by norepi at b1 receptors
85
autonomic effects on channels for ap
changes slope below threshold via activation of funny na channels
86
neurosecretory cells secrete...
hormones. we call anything that does hormone functions that. source irrelevant
87
where are posterior pituitary hormones synthesized
in the hypothalamus (they share cells)
88
hormone types encoded in genes
only peptides (rest are secondarily modified)
89
smooth muscle cells lack..
troponin, t-tubules, sarcomeres (2 thin per thick and operate in a diagonal line), usually get Ca from outside cell bc theres not much SR.
90
why does cortisol suppress immune system
reduces inflammation to improve performance.
91
ADH pathway
released by posterior pituitary, goes to arterioles and kidneys.
92
epi/norepi pathway
stimulated by sympathetic ns, released by adrenal medulla and acts on tissues.
93
muscle overall structure
outside-in : epimysium, muscle (as a whole), perimysium, fascicle, endomysium, sarcolemma, fibers = muscle cells. myofibrils are inside muscle cells.
94
M line
midline of sarcomere
95
z line
boundary of sarcomere
96
a band
width of myosin
97
i band
width of only thin filament
98
h zone
width of only myosin exposed
99
ATP uses for muscle contraction
keeps Ca conc high in SR, lets myosin move up actin, new ATP attachment allows myosin to go back to original conformation
100
twitch vs AP duration
AP = 1-2 ms, twitch = several ms
101
hematocrit
content of red blood cells in blood. inc by dehydration etc.
102
sympathetic control of veins vs arterioles
inc blood pressure via both. for veins, inc. venous return leading to more CO, for arterioles just inc resistance.
103
TSH function
stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones to boost metabolism

Molecular Animals (4 decks)

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