Final Exam Grade 9 - New Content

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

where the cell informations (genetic informations) are stored in the form of DNA
- DNA carries the informations needed the protein synthesis.

Question 2

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 2

rough: is scattered with ribosomes (where proteins are made)
smooth: where lipids are made

Question 3

Ribosome (membrane free)

Answer 3

each ribosome is a “factory” that produce proteins.

informations, arriving from the nucleus, tell the ribosomes hat kind of protein they have to build.

Question 4

Golgi apparatus

Answer 4

it is the cell sorting center.
- Where vesicles arrive and leave.
- proteins and lipids are modified and packaged to be sent where there are need in the cell (other organelles, cytoplasm or cell membrane)

Question 5

Mitochondria

Answer 5

is the cell’s powerhouse.
it produces energy using carbohydrates and oxygen
- different cell types can have different amount of mitochondria based on their energy needed.

Question 6

Lysosome

Answer 6

contain enzymes, proteins capable of breaking down nutrients, other biological polymers and eventually virus and bacteria.

Question 7

Chloroplasts

Answer 7

make the sugars for plants: uses sunlight to capture energy and store in ATP molecules.
- inner membrane
- outer membrane
- granum
- stroma
- lumen
- thylakoid
- stoma lamellae
- intermembrane space

Question 8

Cell membrane

Answer 8

• it protects and defines he cell surface.
• where many reactions take place (ex: electron transport chain)
• it has receptors and channels
• interacts with outer environment and other cells
• delimits organelles

Question 9

Fluid mosaic model of cell membrane

Answer 9

the cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that consist of a fluid part (lipids) where other components (proteins) are immersed
- fluid part: is made by lipids like glycolipid, phospholipid and sterol.
- mosaic part: mainly proteins that float in/on the fluid part.

Question 10

Membrane transport

Answer 10

many substances get in and out of the cell passing through the cell membrane
- its important to understand how different substances are transported with different mechanism.

Question 11

Diffusion

Answer 11

a process that refers to the movement of particles form an area of a high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
this process leads to a equal distribution of particles throughout the system.
no energy needed

Question 12

Passive transport

Answer 12

no energy uses
- molecules moves form higher concentration gradient to lower

Question 13

Active transport

Answer 13

use of energy
- molecules moves from lower concentration gradient to higher

Question 14

Viruses

Answer 14

need living cells to multiply and proliferate
- is an obliged intracellular parasite
infection: the virus enters the cell and uses its recourses and energy to multiply

Question 15

Climate change

Answer 15

Increased carbon dioxide leads to increases in temperature
- Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in our environment

Question 16

Plant and animal cells

Answer 16

• cytoplasm
• cell membrane
• DNA

organelles:
- mitochondria
- golgi apparatus
- smooth and rough ER
- nucleus
- ribosomes

Question 17

Plant cells

Answer 17

boxy or square
cell wall
large vacuole
chloroplast
flagella only in gametes

Question 18

Animal cells

Answer 18

can be any shape
no cell walls
small vacuole
no chloroplasts
flagella
lysosome

Question 19

Osmosis

Answer 19

a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.

Question 20

Non Renewable Energy

Answer 20

Fossil Fuels
- Oil
- Coal
- Natural Gas
Nuclear

Question 21

Greenhouse gases

Answer 21

• Carbon Dioxide
• Methane
• Fluorinated gasses
• Nitrous Oxide

Question 22

Hypertonic

Answer 22

a solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution. water molecules will move out of the cell causing dehydration and shrinkage.

Question 23

Hypotonic

Answer 23

a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution. water will move into the cell, causing the cell to expand and possibly burst.

Question 24

Isotonic

Answer 24

a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution. there is no net movement of water particles, and the overall concentration on both sides of the cell well remains constant.

Question 25

Greenhouse gas effect

Answer 25

The greenhouse effect is the process through which heat is trapped near Earth’s surface by substances known as ‘greenhouse gases.’