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Physical Geology > Final Exam - Geology > Flashcards

Final Exam - Geology Flashcards

1
Q

What of the following is a mineral?

A

Ice

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2
Q

What is true of rocks and minerals?

A

A rock can contain more than one mineral
A mineral is composed of chemical elements
A single rock can include more than one mineral

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3
Q

Which of the following is true about tests we can perform on a mineral?

A

A softer mineral will scratch a harder mineral
Most common minerals react with dilute hydrochloric acid
A streak plate is used to determine how hard a mineral is
None of these?

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4
Q

What mineral property can be observed without using a test?

A

Effervescence?
Magmatism?
Hardness?
Cleavage?

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5
Q

What arrangement of atoms is illustrated by 4 atoms in a pyramid form?

A

Tetrahedron

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6
Q

The mineral halite has cube-shaped crystals because?

A

Of the arrangement of atoms in crystal lattice

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7
Q

The two most abundant elements in earth’s crust?

A

Silicon and Oxygen

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8
Q

What causes a water molecule to be polar?

A

The position of the hydrogen atoms on one side of the molecule

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9
Q

Which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the slowest cooling?

A

Coarse granite

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10
Q

Which type of volcano is generally the largest(in terms of covered area)?

A

Shield Volcano

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11
Q

Hazards associated with basaltic lava flows and eruptions are?

A

Burial of roads and neighborhoods by lava flows
House fires
Floods from catastrophic melting of ice?
All of these

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12
Q

The most dangerous type of Volcano?

A

Composite volcano

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13
Q

Some scientists think that Yellowstone could cause a future distaster because

A

The area is part of a caldera
Scientists think that magma is still present at depth?
Past eruptions from Yellowstone carried ash over a huge area of western North America
Land near Yellowstone is uplifting in some places and subsiding in others
All of these

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14
Q

What is welder tuff?

A

Igneous rock containing flattened pieces of pumice and small crystals of quartz and feldspar, remnants of a pyroclastic eruption

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15
Q

Which process is not considered to be chemical weathering?

A

Thermal expansion

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16
Q

Which of the following process is not considered physical weathering?

A

Oxidation

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17
Q

When do angular clasts form?

A

Steep slopes in a mountain

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18
Q

Which characteristic is not used to classify and name clastic sediments?

A

The climate in which the clasts are produced

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19
Q

If a rock is poorly sorted, the rock contains what?

A

A wide range in the size of clasts

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20
Q

How does the sedimentary layer known as a cross bed form?

A

Piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple of water

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21
Q

If a rock is subjected to differential stress, this means that?

A

The amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others

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22
Q

Which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crust levels?

A

Brittle deformation

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23
Q

What is a principle we use to determine the age of a landscape surface?

A

A surface with a well-developed soil is probably older than a surface with no soil.

24
Q

The term half-life represents the time it takes?

A

For half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms

25
Q

Igneous rock?

A

Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

26
Q

Sedimentary rock?

A

Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate or minerals to precipitate from a solution.

27
Q

Metamorphic Rock?

A

arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means “change in form”

28
Q

Most oceanic plateaus are?

A

Constructed by volcanic eruptions probably over mantle plumes

29
Q

Most oceanic islands and seamounts are?

A

Constructed by volcanic eruptions that first occur underwater

30
Q

Island arcs are curved because?

A

Earth is a sphere, not a flat plane

31
Q

How do most salt deposits form?

A

Evaporation of water, such as in restricted seaways

32
Q

Regional elevations on land are primarily controlled by?

A

The thickness of the continental crust

33
Q

Which of the following is NOT a setting in which regional mountain belts form?

A

Passive Margin

34
Q

What could cause a region to be higher in elevation than an average part of a continent?

A

Less dense continental crust

35
Q

Main cause of death associated with 2004 indonesian earthquake?

A

Large ocean wave or Tsunami

36
Q

When do rocks along a fault have the highest amount of stress and stored elastic strain?

A

Right before an earthquake

37
Q

How do we determine the location of a recent earthquake?

A

Use seismic records from three or more stations

38
Q

Sudden movement on a fault can cause a tsunami when?

A

The fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor

39
Q

Which is the least at risk for a geologic hazard?

A

On soils that gently expand when wet

40
Q

What does NOT physically loosen rocks on the surface?

A

Water contracting as it freezes

41
Q

What happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured?

A

The surface area increases as the rock is fractured

42
Q

What is the main reason why oceans are salty?

A

Weather of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty

43
Q

Some rocks and minerals are not stable at the surface because they?

A 
Are exposed to water?
Formed in high-temperature environments?
Formed in high-pressure environments
Are exposed to oxygen?
All of these*
44
Q

What happens when rocks oxidize near Earth’s surface?

A

Minerals, especially those with iron, combine with oxygen

45
Q

What is the main force involved in the stability of slopes?

A

Gravity

46
Q

What is the angle of repose?

A

The steepest angle at which loose material remains stable

47
Q

What happens to snowflakes as they become progressively bured within glaciers?

A

They become interlocking crystals of ice

48
Q

What carves U-shaped valleys?

A

Glaciers

49
Q

What happens when a glacier encounters the sea or lake?

A

Large blocks of ice collapse off the front of the glacier and become icebergs

50
Q

The margins of glaciers are usually darker than the interior primarily because?

A

The sides have a higher concentration of rocks and other debris

51
Q

What is permafrost?

A

The portion of the ground that remains frozen throughout the year

52
Q

How are silt deposits called loess related to glaciers?

A

They are wind-blown accumulations and commonly are derived from glaciers

53
Q

A delta forms when?

A

A river slows and deposits sediment as it enters a lake or sea

54
Q

The size of clasts that a stream can carry is primarily controlled by?

A

The velocity and turbulence of the current

55
Q

Which particles of sediment are most likely to be transported as suspended load?

A

Small, low density particles

Physical Geology (1 decks)

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