Final exam for exercise physiology

Question 1

Definition of Physiology

Answer 1

The study of the function of cells, tissues, organs, and systems.

Question 2

Definition of exercise physiology

Answer 2

A branch of physiology studying how acute and chronic exercise impacts the function of cells, tissues, organs, and systems. This includes environmental effects like heat or altitude and specific population responses (e.g., young, elderly, or diseased individuals).

Question 3

What is non-experimental

Answer 3

Descriptive, case, and correlational studies.

Question 4

What is experimental

Answer 4

Involves manipulation of independent variables to observe effects on dependent variables.

Question 5

What is laboratories

Answer 5

Allow controlled conditions and invasive protocols; however, they may lack real-world applicability.

Question 6

What is field settings

Answer 6

Enable data collection in natural environments, but can face challenges with controlling external variables.

Question 7

What is basic research

Answer 7

Fundamental study to advance knowledge (e.g., investigating molecular muscle adaptation to exercise).

Question 8

What is applied reseach

Answer 8

Practical problem-solving (e.g., exercise programs for cardiac rehabilitation).

Question 9

What is evidence-based practice

Answer 9

Using research evidence from well-designed studies to inform decisions.

Question 10

what are the applications of evidence-based practice

Answer 10

In medicine, evidence-based practice improves treatments like cardiac rehabilitation. In exercise science, it guides training and nutrition programs.

Question 11

Steps for research literature search process

Answer 11

Define the research topic.
Select a search engine (e.g., PubMed).
Use keywords and Boolean operators (“AND,” “OR,” “NOT”) to refine searches.
Review abstracts and retrieve relevant studies.
Boolean operators enhance precision by combining or excluding terms.

Question 12

Sections of a scientific research process

Answer 12

abstract: Overview of the study.Introduction: Background and rationale.Methods: Research design and protocols.Results: Data and analysis.Discussion: Interpretation of findings.References: Cited sources.

Question 13

What is homeostasis

Answer 13

Maintenance of a constant and “normal” internal environment (e.g., stable heart rate or blood pressure).

Question 14

Steady state

Answer 14

A condition where a physiological variable is unchanging but not necessarily at a “normal” resting value (e.g., heart rate during submaximal exercise).

Question 15

whats the difference

Answer 15

Homeostasis refers to a true resting equilibrium, while steady state occurs during activity where the system stabilizes at a new constant level.

Question 16

Regulation of body temperature

Answer 16

Thermal receptors send signals to the brain’s temperature control center.
Effectors (e.g., sweat glands and blood vessels) adjust temperature by promoting heat dissipation or retention.

Question 17

Receptor (Sensor)

Answer 17

Detects changes in the environment (e.g., thermal receptors sensing temperature).

Question 18

Integrating Center

Answer 18

Processes the input and initiates a response (e.g., brain).

Question 19

Effector

Answer 19

Executes the response to restore homeostasis (e.g., sweat glands or muscles).

Question 20

Negative Feedback

Answer 20

A mechanism that reverses a change to maintain homeostasis.

Question 21

Negative Feedback example

Answer 21

Regulation of blood glucose levels:
High glucose → Pancreas releases insulin → Glucose uptake by cells → Glucose levels normalize.

Question 22

Gain in Biological Control Systems

Answer 22

The ability of a control system to maintain homeostasis. Systems with higher gain (e.g., pulmonary and cardiovascular systems) are more efficient in regulation.

Question 23

Hormesis

Answer 23

A process where a low-to-moderate dose of stress leads to beneficial adaptive responses (e.g., exercise-induced cellular adaptation).

Question 24

Hormesis Example

Answer 24

Moderate exercise improves cellular resilience, while excessive exercise may cause overtraining and harm.

Question 25

Cell Signaling

Answer 25

Communication between cells using chemical messengers to coordinate activities.

Question 26

mechanisms

Answer 26

intracrine: Signals act within the same cell. Juxtacrine: Signals between adjacent connected cells.Autocrine: A cell targets itself.Paracrine: Signals affect nearby cells.Endocrine: Hormones are transported via blood to distant target cells.

Question 27

Steps in Exercise-Induced Protein Synthesis

Answer 27

Exercise triggers the activation of cell signaling pathways.

Activates transcriptional activators.

Transcriptional activators bind to gene promoter regions.

DNA transcribes into mRNA.

mRNA exits the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes.

mRNA is translated into specific proteins.