Final Exam

Question 1

Adaptive immune system

Answer 1

A part of the immune system found only in Vertebrates. It involves recognition of specific pathogen characteristics ( in contrast to the innate immune system, which recognizes general patterns).

Question 2

Allostatic load

Answer 2

The consequences of prolonged activation of the stress response, which usually are negative health outcomes.

Question 3

Amok

Answer 3

A culture-bound syndrome known throughout Southeast Asia. Typically a frenzied homicidal attack performed by a young adult male.

Question 4

Antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging

Answer 4

Genes that benefit an individual early in life and contribute to fitness but that may have longer term deleterious effects are not selected against and may contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality associated with aging

Question 5

Antigenic drift

Answer 5

The production of new antigens through mutations

Question 6

Antigenic shift

Answer 6

Recombination of genetic material from multiple species. This is one means by which the influenza virus acquires new antigens.

Question 7

BiDil

Answer 7

Is a combination of two drugs that enhance blood vessel dilation and blood flow approved specifically for treatment of African Americans

Question 8

Cortisol

Answer 8

A steroid hormone made from cholesterol that is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland. It is the main hormone that regulates the stress response.

Question 9

Culture-bound syndromes

Answer 9

A condition characterized by a pattern of aberrant behavior or troubling individual experience, which is considered to be an illness within a culture or set of cultures, and which is given a local name. it may or may not correspond to a Western psychiatric disease described in the DSM.

Question 10

Direct transmission

Answer 10

A means by which a pathogen spreads directly from one host to another(such as a respiratory system).

Question 11

Disposable soma theory of aging

Answer 11

The idea that the somatic cells exist only to further the persistence of germ cells (Eggs and sperm). The body is “disposable” because it only needs to be in a good condition through the normal reproductive life of the organism; there is no need to maintain it after that.

Question 12

DSM-IV [updated in 2013 to the DSM-V]

Answer 12

A compendium of definitions and diagnostic features of mental illness, as developed by the American psychiatric association.

Question 13

Endemic disease

Answer 13

A disease that has a long history in the population , with little change in either prevalence or incidence over time.

Question 14

Epidemic curve

Answer 14

A typical course of an epidemic with a rapid rise in incidence followed by a decrease in incidence down to near Zero.

Question 15

Epidemic disease

Answer 15

A disease that dramatically increases its incidence and prevalence in a short period of time.

Question 16

Epidemiological transition

Answer 16

a change in prevalence of diseases, such that one type of disease replaces another. Generally used in the context of a decline in infectious disease and a rise in chronic disease, as happened in wealthy countries over the course of the twentieth century.

Question 17

Free radical theory of aging

Answer 17

Highly reactive molecules that contain at least one unpaired electron. These induce oxidative stress in cells and may contribute to the aging process.

Question 18

Germ theory of disease

Answer 18

Robert Koch’s demonstration that disease could be caused by micro-organisms.

Question 19

Helminth hypothesis

Answer 19

A hypothesis developed to explain the link between IgE and Allergy. Suggests that reduced exposure to helminths reults in IgE responding to nonpathogenic antigens with properites similar to those of helminths.

Question 20

Helminths

Answer 20

Worms; three groups cause disease in humans: roundworms (Nematoes), the tapeworms (cestodes), and the flukes (trematodes).

Question 21

Herd immunity

Answer 21

When most of the population is immune to a pathegen, due to vaccination or prior exposure. This makes it difficult for a pathoge to spread, as there are few susceptible hosts.

Question 22

Hygiene hypothesis

Answer 22

A hypothesis developed to explain the rise in allergies in industrialized countries. Suggestes that improvements in hygiene have resulted in less exposure to pathogens in childhood, which alters the development of the immune system in ways that cause it to repond inappropriately to nonpathogenic antigens.

Question 23

Innate immune system

Answer 23

An evolutionarily old part of the immune system that involves recognition of some common patterns rather than specific characteristics of pathogens. It produces a relatively rapid response to a pathogen.

Question 24

Kuru

Answer 24

A Prion disease found among the Fore of New Guinea. It was transmitted through consumption of infected individuals after they died.

Question 25

Latah

Answer 25

A syndrome known in Southeast Asia characterized by a trancelike state, mindless mimicking of words and actions of others, obeying commands without thought, and hypersensitivity to startle.

Question 26

Lifestyle incongruity

Answer 26

Inconsistency between one’s lifestyle (or desired lifestyle) and one’s education or occupation, such that the status that goes along with a particular lifestyle (i.e., accumulation of material possessions) is higher than what one’seducation or occupation can reasonably maintain.

Question 27

Nosocomial infections

Answer 27

Pathogens that cirulate in health care facilites such as hospitals or nursing homes.

Question 28

Onchocerciasis

Answer 28

A helminth infection due to Onchocera volvulus, which uses theblack fly (simulium damnosum) as a vector. It’s long term effects include loss of sight and complete blindness, and the skin becomes unbearably itchy and chronically inflamed. Most common in West Africa

Question 29

Pandemic disease

Answer 29

An epidemic that occurs on a global scale.

Question 30

Periosteal reactions

Answer 30

A rough outer layer of bone, indicative of infection and inflammation.

Question 31

Pibloktoq

Answer 31

Often translated as Arcitc hysteria; a syndrome observed among Inuit peoples described as manic episode(s) in which an individual may remove his or her clothing, run around wildly into water or roll around on the snow, make nonsense sounds or speak uncontrollably.

Question 32

Pleiotropy

Answer 32

When a gene has multiple effects in the body.

Question 33

Prions

Answer 33

Infectous proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease(CJD), Kuru(known from New Guinea), and other nonhuman forms that cause Bovine spongiform ecephalopathy (BSE, Or mad cow disease) and scrapie, a similar disease of sheep.

Question 34

Resurgent infectious disease

Answer 34

Infectious diseases whose prevalence had declined, but is now increasing or likely to increase.

Question 35

Robert Koch

Answer 35

A German scientist who developed the “Germ theory of disease” and “Koch’s Postulates” (pg.228)

Question 36

Schistosomiasis

Answer 36

A helminth infection caused by Shistosoma SPP., Which uses a freshwater snail as an intermediate host. The worms pair and establish themselves in the veins of the bladder or intestines, resulting in blood in the urine or feces and the buildup of scar tissue in these veins, which has long-term negative health consequences.

Question 37

Senescence

Answer 37

The Physiological decline associated with aging

Question 38

Somatic mutations

Answer 38

Mutations that occur in somatic cells (all cells except ova and sperm).

Question 39

Stress response

Answer 39

a Physiological response that involves both neurotransmitters (such as norepinephrine) and hormones (such as cortisol). Generally it liberates energy to deal with a stressor and shuts down nonessential physiological processes.

Question 40

Susto

Answer 40

In Latin America, a spiritual illness that occurs when one’s vital essence (Usually glossed in English as “Soul”) becomes separated from the body following a frightening or otherwise unsettling experience.

Question 41

Vector

Answer 41

Ant Intermediate species or material that can take a pathogen from one host to the next

Question 42

Zoonoses

Answer 42

Nonhuman animal infectious diseases, or Animal diseases that derive from animals.

Question 43

Margaret Mead

Answer 43

(1901-1978) Childrearing&psychology Applied Anthropology. “Marijuana Advocate”

Question 44

Global burden of disease

Answer 44

The GBD measures years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of life lost due to time lived in states of less than full health.

Question 45

Endocannabinoid system

Answer 45

The human brain contains receptor sites that respond pharmacologically to cannabinoids. regulates many physiological processes

Question 46

The Tuskegee Experiment

Answer 46

A medical study conducted on African-American men with syphilis from 1932-1972

Question 47

Rite of passage

Answer 47

Rite de Passage

Question 48

Pharaonic circumcision

Answer 48

female circumcision

Question 49

Gullah

Answer 49

Culture of the Sea Islands based on fusion of West African and European traditions.