Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
define sociology
A
the systematic study of human groups and their interactions
2
Q
define the sociological perspective
A
a view of sociology based on the relationship between individuals and the larger society
3
Q
what did C.W. Mills believe
A
people who cannot recognize the social origins of their problems cant respond to them effectively
4
Q
define quality of mind
A
the ability to view personal circumstances within a broader social context
5
Q
define the sociological imagination
A
the ability to perceive how dynamic social forces influence individuals
6
Q
define the term cheerful robots
A
people who are unwilling to see the social world as it truth exists
they do not contribute to the world
7
Q
what did Peter Berger believe
A
seeing the general in the particular and the strange in the familiar through questioning
8
Q
define structure
A
the network of rules and systems that shape what we can and cant do, it guides our decisions and behaviors, not tangible
9
Q
define socioeconomic status
A
a combination of variables (income, education, occupation etc.) used to rank people into hierarchical structure of social status
10
Q
ascribed vs achieved status?
A
ascribed = attributes assigned at birth that determine status
achieved = attributes developed throughout life as a result of the effort and skill that contribute to status
11
Q
define the scientific revolution
A
the shift from church based knowledge to scientific insight and methods
16-18th century
12
Q
who was Auguste Comte?
A
the father of sociology, coined ‘sociology’ and created the law of three stages (not a credible law as it only served himself)
13
Q
define the law of three stages
A
theological stage
religious outlook to explain the world
metaphysical stage
challenged the idea that people could understand the world through reflection
positive stage
society guided by rules of observations, experimentation and logic
14
Q
define positivism
A
believes all understanding is based on science, has three assumptions
15
Q
what are the three assumptions of positivists?
A
- reality is objective/knowable
- all sciences will become alike overtime
- value free
16
Q
define anti-positivism
A
believes knowledge and understanding are the result of human subjectivity, counters positivisms three assumptions
17
Q
what are the three assumptions of anti-positivists?
A
- hard science = physical world not social world
- sciences wont become alike
- science cant be separated from our values
18
Q
define quantitative sociology
A
the study of behaviors that can be measured
positivist in nature
19
Q
define qualitative sociology
A
the study of nonmeasurable , subjective behaviors
anti-positivist in nature
20
Q
what did Machiavelli believe?
A
suggested human behavior is motivated by self interest and a desire for material gain
21
Q
what did Renee Descartes believe?
A
i think therefore i am
masters of our own destiny
22
Q
what did Thomas Hobbes believe
A
people are driven by fear of death and desire for power
natural state = solitary, nasty, brutish
23
Q
what did John Locke believe?
A
ideas are not innate, all knowledge is the result of experiences
tabula rasa
24
Q
what did Jean Jacques Rousseau believe?
A
challenged the true nature of social life
believed in a natural state where individuals were self-centered because there was no organized society
25
define the social contract
the acknowledgement that we achieve more by working together than apart
lose some independence but gain protection from government
26
define macrosociology
the study of society as a whole, look at the big picture first and individuals second
27
define microsociology
the study of individual or small-group dynamics within the larger society
28
what are the four defining features of Canadian society?
1. geography and regionalism
2. political economy
3. canadianization
4. radical nature
29
define global village
used to describe how media collapses space and time and enables people everywhere to interact/experience life on a global scale
MARSHALL MCLUHAN
30
define political economy
the interactions in politics, governments and the social/cultural constitution of markets, institutions and actors
WALLACE CLEMENT
31
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
32
define theory
a statement that tries to explain how certain facts or variables are related in order to predict future events
33
what did Charles de Montesquieu believe?
humans are defined and created by society as we haven't existed without it
by analyzing the laws of society it reveals what that society deems important and the spirit of the people
34
define idea types and the 3 types of government they classify
classic/pure forms of a given social phenomenon, a form closest to perfection
1. republic (democracy and aristocracy)
- emphasize virtue
2. monarchy
- emphasize honor
3. despotism
- emphasize fear
35
define the Enlightenment period
a movement that challenged 400 years of European Christian scholarship devoted to discovering God's intentions and the domination of knowledge practiced by the church
sociology was born from the reactions against Enlightenment ideas
36
define philosophes
French philosophers during the enlightenment period that advocated for critical thinking and practical knowledge
37
define functionalism
view the social world as a dynamic system of interrelated and interdependent parts
the social structure aims to help people fulfill their desires
38
what did Pareto believe in?
believed individuals within the system were like molecules that interacted because of common interests, values, drives, and sentiments
39
what did Herbert Spencer believe?
believed overpopulation would become more of a problem overtime and as a result people would have to compete over scarce resources
40
define social Darwinism
belief that societies evolve according to the same principles as do biological organisms
41
define laissez-faire
a point of view that opposes regulation of or interference with natural processes
42
what did Emile Durkheim believe?
believed human actions originate in the collective not the individual
wanted to establish sociology as a legitimate science
if more integrated in society you're less likely to commit suicide
43
define collective conscience
the set of shared values and beliefs that unite people in a society and help them understand what's normal/right
44
define social facts
general social features that exist on their own and are independent of individual manifestations
evidence of collective conscience
45
define anomie (durkheim)
a state of normlessness that results from a lack of clear goals and creates feelings of confusion that results in higher suicide rates
46
define mechanical solidarity
describes how early societies were based on similarities and independence
division of labor was low so people came together only out of choice not necessity
low levels of interpersonal conflict
47
define organic solidarity
defines how modern societies are organized around interdependence
increased division of labor, people are not self-sufficient and depend on the collective to meet individual needs
48
what did Talcott Parson believe?
Funationalist, created the social action theory & AGIL
49
define social action theory (Parson)
a framework that attempted to separate behaviors from actions to explain why people do what they do
50
define the acronym AGIL (Parson)
4 functional imperatives required for a social system to maintain homeostasis
1. adaption
2. goal attainment
3. integration
4. latency
51
define tension maintenance
recognizes the internal tensions and strains that influence all actors
52
define pattern maintenance
involves socially appropriate ways to display tensions and strains
53
what did Robert Meron believe?
stressed social structures have many functions
middle range theory
54
manifest vs latent functions?
manifest = the intended consequences of an action/social pattern
latent = the unintended consequences of an action or social pattern
55
define organic analog
the belief that society is like an organism with interdependent and interrelated parts
the natural state of affairs is one of equilibrium
56
define conflict theory
society is grounded in inequality and competition over scarce resources that results in conflict and inspires social change
57
what are the 2 principles of conflict theory
1. power is the core of all social relations
2. social values and dominant ideology are vehicles for the powerful to promote their interests at expense of the weak
58
define moral/political inequality
inequality based on human classification of valuable things
59
define natural/physical inequality
inequality based on physical differences established in nature
60
what did Marx and Engels believe?
society is characterized by powers influence on human interactions
society is a system based on tension and struggle
61
define dialects
a way of seeing history and society as the result of oppositions, contradictions, and tensions
social change can emerge
62
define idealism
the belief that the human mind and consciousness are more important in understanding the human condition that is the material world
63
define Marx and Engels idea of 'base'
the material and economic foundation for society
composed of the forces of production and the relations of production
64
define forces of production
the physical and intellectual resources a society has with which to make a living
societies tool kit
65
define relations of production
the relationship between workers and owners, based on power
66
define alienation
Marxists concept
the process by which workers lack connection to what they produce and become separated from themselves and other workers
67
define superstructure
everything society values and aspires when its material needs are met
68
define class consciousness
recognition of domination and oppression and the collective action that follows
69
define false consciousness
belief in and supporting the system that oppresses you
70
define symbolic interactionism
believes that society and all social structures are nothing more than the creations of interacting people and that they can be changed
71
define Thomas Theorem
the belief that things people define as real are real in their consequence's
72
what are Ritzer's 7 fundamental principles?
1. humans have the capacity for though
2. human thinking shaped by social interaction
3. people learn meaning and symbols in social settings
4. meanings and symbols allow people to act and interact uniquely human
5. meanings/symbols change depending on interpretation
6. unique ability to interact with self
7. cumulation of patterns of actions/interactions make up groups and societies
73
what did Max Weber believe?
huma actors are active agents who engage with others to organize their world and give it meaning
power vs authority and legitimacy
74
power vs authority (Weber)
power = ability to achieve objective even if someone wants to prevent it (no legitimacy)
authority = capacity to get people to do things because they think they should abide by commands of those above them (legitimacy)
75
what are the three kinds of authority?
1. traditional authority
2. charismatic authority
3. legal rational authority
76
define social closure
the various ways that groups close off access to opportunities for other groups
77
define Verstehen (Weber)
a deep understanding and interpretation of subjective social meanings --> helps understand people
78
what did George Simmel believe?
society is not living but rather it is the summation of human experience and its patterned interactions
society is built upon social circles
79
define formal sociology
believes the different human interactions, once isolated from their context, can be similar in form
80
define network analysis
the study of how individuals are connected to others and the consequences of the connections
+ how rumors can change
81
what did George Herbert Mead believe?
believed the individual exists as a member of a social organism and their acts can be understood only in the context of social actions that involve others
human mind is the result from individuals ability to respond/engage with the environment
82
I vs ME (Mead)?
I = unsocialized part of self, spontaneous, creative, and impulsive
- individual response to others actions
ME = the socialized part of the self that monitors the actions of the I, judgmental, reflective, and controlling
- reflects values/attitudes of society
83
what did Charles Cooley believe?
believed that sociology is the study of social reality including individual consciousness
84
define sympathetic introspection
the value of putting yourself into another persons shoes and seeing the world from their perspective
85
define the looking glass self (Cooley)
belief that we develop our self image through the cues we receive from others
a reflection in the eyes/actions of others
86
define the self fulfilling prophecy
a prediction that once made causes the outcome to occur
87
what did Erving Goffman believe?
the self doesn't exist
the self is a function of the social interactions we have with others and how they interpret the signs and signals we convey
88
define the dramaturgical analysis (Goffman)
seeing the self as emerging from the performances we play and how the other actors relate to us
89
what did W.E.B. Du Bois believe?
argued for race to be understood as a social issue that is embedded in relationships
90
define double consciousness
a sense of self that is defined through the eyes of others causing a sense of a divided identity experienced by Black Americans
91
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3
92
define Western Marxism
believe ruling class rule through ideological control
accepted Marxist analysis of the struggle between the ruling and working class
93
define domination (Gramsci)
direct physical and violent coercion exerted by the police and military to maintain social boundaries and enforce social rules
94
define hegemony (Gramsci)
political and social domination through ideological control and consent
societies dominant ideas reflect the interests of the ruling class and mask social inequalities
95
what did Dorothy Smith believe?
believed there were variations in the experiences of men and women
believed all women are dominated by men
women have been left out of knowledge production
96
what did Bell Hooks believe?
argued against second wave feminists
believed race is inextricable from gender and that second wave feminists erased black women's identities/experiences
97
define post-structural theory
challenged Enlightenment views that scientific knowledge is the key to human freedom
knowledge is socially produced and exists in a web of power relations
98
what did Michel Foucault believe?
interested in how power and knowledge work together
believed power is not possessed but created within social relations
power = multidirectional and everywhere
99
define the repressive hypothesis (Foucault)
believed truth can play a liberating role and that it is objective
against Marxist belief that power is oppressive
100
define discourse (Foucault)
a system of meaning that governs how we think, act and speak about a particular thing/issue
where truth and facts come together
101
define queer theory
argues against the assumption that everyone is the same and deserves the same treatment
wishes to reconstruct sexual identities by exploring how they are historically and culturally situated
102
define post-colonial theory
focused on the political and cultural effects of colonialism
103
define Orientalism
concept of discourse of power that creates a false distinction between the superior West and inferior East
104
what are the 3 kinds of orientalism according to Said
1. academic orientalism
2. imaginative orientalism
3. institutional orientalism
105
define critical race theory
racism is built into American society
must look at history to understand the experiences of POC to fully understand how law and society work
106
what is theorizing whiteness?
social theorists began to consider whiteness a racial identity
all people are racialized and races are linked to privilege
80s-90s
107
define deracializing whiteness
whiteness is constructed as the default position and only those that don't fit within this category are marked
binary construct of race
- white vs non-white
108
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4
109
define inductive logic
a system of reasoning that moves from data to the formulation of a theory
qualitative
tests --> theories
110
define deductive logic
a system of reading that moves from a theory to the formulation of hypotheses for testing
quantitative
theory --> tests
111
independent vs dependent variable?
independent = can be manipulated by researchers
dependent = not manipulated by researchers
112
validity vs reliability?
validity = * accuracy* of a given measurement
reliability = the *consistency* of a given result
113
define causality
the relationship where one variable causes a change in another variable
114
define spurious correlation
a false correlation between 2 or more variables even though it appears to be true
115
define surveys + the 3 types
respondents answer pre-set questions
1. self administered
2. telephone
3. in-person
116
what are the 3 types of interviews used?
*unstructured* = no predetermined questions set by interviewer, conversational
* semi-structured* = have a set of questions but are open to interviewees introducing topics they think are important
* structured* = each and every respondent is asked the same questions in the same order, no deviation
117
define participant observation
active participation in research settings which combines observation and participation in daily life activities of research subjects
qualitative
118
what are the 3 types of participant observation
covert = the people in the research setting are not informed of the researchers status and are unaware they are under observation
semi-covert = reveals the nature of the study to some of the people invovled
open = researchers tell all participants the full extent of their research and observations
119
define secondary analysis
analyze already existing data
disadvantage = researcher is restricted to preexisting data
120
define participatory action research
research that combines an action oriented goal and the participation of research subjects
121
define action vs participatory research
action = designed to effect change, no need to involve members of concerned groups/populations
participatory = invites concerned individuals to be part of a project design and execution
122
define mixed methods
researchers choose to design a single research project that uses elements of qualitative and quantitative procedures
believe no one method is the best and that all are useful and have limitations
123
define triangulation
more than one research method is used in an attempt to fully understand an area of study
124
what were Margrit Eichlers 7 problems of sexism in researcher
1. androcentricity
2. overgeneralization
3. gender insensitivity
4. double standard
5. sex appropriateness
6. familism
7. sexual dichotomy
125
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
126
define culture
a complex collection of values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects shared by a group and passed on from one generation to the next
127
define cultural brain hypothesis
the theory that culture influenced the size of the human brain
128
what are the 5 defining features of culture
1. learned
2. shared
3. transmitted
4. cumulative
5. human
129
what are the 2 types of cultural categories, define them
*material culture* = tangible artifacts and physical objects found in a given culture and helps us to adapt in diverse and challenging physical environments
*nonmaterial culture* = the intangible and abstract components of a society, including values and norms
130
define folkways
informal norms that suggest customary ways of behaving
do not inspire sever moral condemnation when violated
131
define mores
norms that carry a strong sense of social importance and necessity
inspire strong moral condemnation is violated
132
define taboo
a prohibition on actions deemed immoral or disgusting and delt with harshly
133
define a sanction
a penalty for norm violation or a reward for norm adherence
134
define ethnocentrism
the tendency to view ones own culture as superior to all others
135
define cultural relativism
appreciation that all cultures have their own mores, norms, and customs and should be evaluated and understood on their own terms rather than according to ones own cultural standards
136
what are Obergs 4 stage model of culture shock
1. honeymoon
2. crisis
3. recovery
4. adjustment
137
what are the 3 reasons to be concerned about dying languages
1. loss of knowledge
2. cultural myths, folk songs, legends, poetry, and belief systems are lost
3. hinders exploration of the mysteries of the human mind
138
what is the Sapir Whorf Hypothesis?
our perceptions of the world are influenced by the limitations of our language
people who speak different languages comprehend the world differently.
139
define linguistic determinism
language determines how we perceive the world
strong hypothesis
140
define linguistic relativism
language reflects how we perceive the world
weak hypothesis
141
define proximity, haptics, oculesics, chronemics, olfactics, and vocalics
proximity = personal space
haptics = personal contact
oculesics = eye contact
chronemics = time
olfactics = smell
vocalics = voice
142
define micro expressions
largely uncontrollable, instantaneous full-face emotional reactions
143
define sunculture
a group within a population whose values, norms, folkways, and mores set them apart from the dominant culture
144
define counter culture
a type of subculture that strongly opposes the widely held cultural patterns of the larger population
occurs when members of subculture become increasingly distinct from the larger society around them
145
what are the 3 different sources for inspiring cultural change
1. discovery
2. invention/innovation
3. diffusion
146
what are cultural universals + who coined the term?
common cultural features found in all societies
GEORGE PETER MURDOCK
147
define cultural adaptation
the process by which environmental pressures are addressed through changes in practice's, traditions, and behavior's
148
define the functionalist perspectives beliefs on cultural change
culture helps meet basic needs of society
critique = doesn't take into account tensions from subcultures/countercultures
149
define the conflict theorists beliefs on cultural change
those who hold power define/perpetuate a cultures ideology and create a value system that defines social inequality as just and proper
critique = believes that cultural change is more beneficial to oppressed people than is cultural continuity
150
define the symbolic interactionists beliefs on cultural change
explain how culture is actively created and recreated through social interaction and how culture is a set of symbols that we assign values to
critique = results from structural oppression and discrimination, less able to explain large cultural manifestations
151
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
152
define sociobiology
a science that uses evolutionary theory and genetic inheritance to examine the biological root of social behavior
1960s --> Konrad Lorenz and Edward O. Wilson
153
define evolutionary psychology
a relabeled form of sociobiology
argues Darwinian inheritance can explain contemporary human behaviour
154
define self image
an introspective composition of various features and attributes that people see themselves as having
155
define C.H. Cooleys beliefs
consciousness can't develop without social interaction
we create our understanding of self through the eyes of others
156
explain the I and ME (G.H. Mead)
I = unsocialized part of self, impulsive and responds to thing emotionally
ME = socialized part of self, thinks about how to behave according to norms and helps control the spontaneous impulses of the I
157
define the significant vs general other
significant = people we want to impress or gain approval from
generalized = a compilation of attributes associated with the average member of society --> represents an individuals appreciation that other members of society behave within certain socially accepted guidelines and rules
158
what are the 3 developmental stages according to G.H. Mead
*preparatory* = 1-3 y/o, first interactions with others, positive and negative reinforcement develops the I and ME
*play stage* = 3-5 y/o children learn about themselves/society through play and assuming the roles of others
*game stage* =6-12 y/o, proficient at taking multiple roles on at once and begin to identify with generalized other while understanding their position in the world.
159
define primary vs secondary socialization
primary = people learn attitudes, values, and appropriate behavior's from individuals in their culture
secondary = occurs through participation in more specific groups with defined roles and expectations --> after primary socialization
160
define agents of socialization and the 4 types
agents = individuals, groups, and social institutions that together help people to become functioning members of society
4 types...
- families
- peers
- education system
- mass media
161
define socioeconomic status
social class determined by family income, parents education levels, parents occupations, and the family social standing within the community
162
define cultural capital
non-financial social assets that promote social mobility and provide advantages in society.
helps individuals navigate social settings and can influence their status and opportunities
163
define empty nest syndrome
the depression that some mothers experience when their children have left home
A MYTH --> most experience an increase in life satisfaction and psychological wellbeing when children leave home
164
define gerontology
the scientific study of aging and old age
165
what are the stages of the death course according to Kubler-Ross
1. denial
2. anger
3. bargaining
4. depression
5. acceptance
166
define dying trajectories
the patterns and pathways of death.
vary based on the nature and rate of decline, social stressors, and attitudes toward death
167
define resocialization
the profound change or complete transformation of a persons personality as a result of being placed in a situation or environment dedicated to changing their previous identity
168
define total institutions
settings in which people are isolated from society and supervised by administrative staff
169
what are the 5 types of total institutions according to Erving Goffman?
1. help people who are incapable of taking care of themselves - harmless
2. care for people who are incapable of taking care of themselves - dangerous
3. protect community from those who would do harm
4. perform instrumental tasks that require unique work arrangements - military
5. retreats from the rest of the world and locations for religious training
170
what are the 3 characteristics of total institutions?
1. administrative staff supervise all aspects of inmates/residences lives
2. every activity is controlled/standardized
3. formal rules/polices define everything
171
what are the 2 stages of socialization
1. mortification of the self = existing identities are stripped
2. second stage = inmates are built up through systems of rewards/punishments by staff
172
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 7
173
define social class
a group of individuals sharing a position in a social hierarchy, based on birth and achievement
174
what are the 4 principles of social stratification
1. all societies redistribute materials and social rewards
2. stable system --> very few move out of the social class they were born into
3. social stratification varies in how it expresses itself
4. all societies recognize differences in wealth and prestige yet always considered fair/just by majority in the population (even lower class)
175
define meritocracy
a system of rewards based on personal attributes and demonstrated abilities
reinforces ideological assumption that people achieve what they deserve
176
define classism
an ideology that suggests that peoples relative worth in society is at least partly determined by their social and economic status
believe everyone in society starts with the same chances of success (American dream)
177
define blaming the victim
a perspective that holds individuals responsible for the negative conditions in which they live
believe poor should work harder to transcend poverty
178
define the culture of poverty
a fatalistic belief system held by the poor as an adaptation to systemic discrimination
believe poor have different subcultural value systems which limit their ability/desire to escape poverty
believed by politicians/public
OSCAR LEWIS
179
define deferred gratification
ability to forgo immediate pleasures in the interest of achieving greater rewards in the future
OSCAR LEWIS
180
define blaming the system
a perspective that holds that systemic discrimination exists within the social system
181
define deindustrialization
the transformation of an economy from one based on manufacturing to one based on service
182
define a closed system
a social system in which status is based on attributes ascribed at birth
'closed' bc innate attributes cant be changed and allow for little social mobility
ie. caste systems and reincarnation
183
define an open system
a social system in which status is based on achieved attributes
people can move up from a poor social background through their own efforts/abilities
184
define intergenerational income elasticity (IGE)
a comparison between a father and sons earning, scores range from 0.0 (no relationship) to 1.0 (father and son make the same earnings)
185
define income vs wealth
*income* = money received annually from all sources, aka what you earn
*wealth* = net accumulated assets, including homes, land and stocks, aka what you have/possess
186
define the DAVIS-MOORE Thesis (Functionalism)
believe social stratification is functional for society because it ensures that key social positions are held by the most capable people
social inequality has 2 functions
1. instilling the desire to fill certain positions
2. instilling the desire to complete their duties and responsibilities
187
conflict theorist KARL MARX and social stratification
believed class struggle was the most important inspiration behind historical transformations of societies
class inequality is not desirable or inevitable
proletariat can only improve position by overcoming false perceptions of class consciousness and overthrowing the bourgeois
188
conflict theorists MAX WEBER and social stratification
capitalism led to class conflict yet the classless society is not inevitable and social stratification is unavoidable/necessary
believed people with little economic power and status can still have the authority to make important decisions
189
symbolic interactionists and social stratification
looks at how people interpret and construct their responses to class inequality
look at how class affects patterns of everyday social life through status symbols
190
feminist theorists and social stratification
considers how the dominant (male) perspective permeates our societies evaluations of what is deemed valuable and important
191
define conscious consumption
the purchase of expensive goods simply because they are valuable and not because there is any innate satisfaction in them
VEBLEN
192
define conscious leisure vs waste (VEBLEN)
leisure = demonstration of ones high social status through forms of leisure
waste = the disposal of valuable goods to demonstrate wealth
193
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8
194
define binary construction
based on the idea that a given phenomenon can be located within one or the other of two mutually exclusive categories
195
define hyperandrogenism
a condition where the body doesn't recognize their testosterone levels
196
define gender relations
organizing principles that shape and order interactions between as well as the relative social importance of women and men
197
define transsexual
1970s became a diagnostic term used as a precise medical category to encompass those individuals who undergo sex affirming medical intervention
198
define hegemonic masculinity
the normative ideal of dominant masculinity that men are supposed to strive to achieve
199
define emphasized femininity
the normative ideal of femininity, based on women's compliance with their subordination to men and is oriented obliging men's interests and desires
contrasts hegemonic masculinity
200
define chilly climate
the lack of warmth or encouragement that girls and women feel in school as a result of sexism
ROBERTA HALL & BERNICE SANDLER
201
what are the 4 dominant gender themes for tv commercials
1. alcohol ads construct men as losers and self mock
2. male friendships are center of most ads
3. men in ads are not in committed relationships --> always ready to engage in sexual activity
4. women in ads are dichotomously depicted either has hot or bitches
202
how does gender intersect with social class?
1. provides grounds for segregating occupations
2. women hold more lower paying positions than men in labor force
203
what is the Low Income Cut-Off (LICO)
determines poverty levels
falling below the cut off means that family is spending a larger proportion of its income on basic necessities of life than an average family spends
204
define feminization of poverty
more women live in poverty than men causing poverty to be gendered
205
define exchange theory
assertion that power in a relationship is influenced by the resources that a member brings to the relationship
206
define how functionalists view gender
women and men perform separate, distinct, specialized and complementary roles to maintain cohesiveness within families and in the wider society
207
define how conflict theorists view gender
how gender affects ones control of and access to scarce resources
208
define how symbolic interactionists view gender
interested in the meanings of male, female, feminine, and masculine and how operant conditioning reinforces socially appropriate gendered behavior
209
define doing gender
actively creating the differences between girls and boys and that any differences we see are not natural nor are they essential/biological
210
define how feminist theorists view gender
men and women in all societies are valued and treated differently and unequally
211
define how post-structuralists view gender
gender discourses position all people as either men or women, categories which are relational
212
what were JUDITH BUTLERS beliefs
argues that although feminists rejected the idea that biology is destiny many developed an understanding of patriarchal culture that positioned masculine and feminine genders as inevitable
213
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
214
define disciplinary (Foucault)
our identities are disciplinary, aka not biological realities but rather socially produced and maintained
215
define heterosexism
the belief that heterosexuality is the ideal and normal sexuality in society, rendering all other sexualities as abnormal and deviant
216
what were JOHN D'EMILIO'S beliefs
emphasized the distinction between homosexual behavior and the development of homosexual identities
217
define the essentialist theories and their 4 basic assumptions
argue sex is pre-social and a product of biological forces/pre-determined by biology
4 assumptions
- sexuality is a basic human drive -->
exists prior to social life
- sexuality is determined by biological
make up of a person
- sexuality resides in the body
- sexuality functions through our lives
218
according to essentialists what are the 5 assumptions about what constitutes a sexual identity
1. sex is natural
2. heterosexual = natural
3. genital sex = primary and determining
4. true sexual intercourse = phallocentric
5. sex ideally occurs in marriages/long-term relationships
219
explain functionalists beliefs of sexuality
interested in analyzing how sexuality is functional to the smooth running of society
220
explain conflict theorists beliefs of sexuality
explores how various social groups compete over scarce resources and study the exercise of power and relations of inequality
221
define commodification
the process whereby goods and services become available for purchase in the market
222
explain symbolic interactionists beliefs of sexuality
interested in the social meanings that a society attributes to sexuality, including sexual behaviors
223
define sexual scripts
cultural expectations about appropriate sexuality that are learned through social interaction
224
explain post-structuralists beliefs of sexuality
sexual behavior and sexual identity are products of discourses
225
define discourse
how the world is
shapes our views about how the world should be
226
explain feminist post-structuralists beliefs of sexuality
influenced by FOUCAULT
argues sexuality is fashioned and refashioned through discourse
227
define epistemology
the nature and production of knowledge
228
explain queer theorists beliefs of sexuality
challenges heterosexism and seeks to deconstruct and dissolve normalizing sexuality discourses that are used to control and constrain people
229
define heterosexual questionnaire - ROCHLIN
meant to invert the many questions typically asked of gay men and lesbians about their sexuality, directed at heterosexuals as a means of exposing heteronormativity
230
define sexual health
the avoidance of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies and fostering for healthy relationships
part of the social and biological world
231
define STI'S
infections transmitted during unprotected sex
risk factors shaped by racism, economic inequality, sexism, homophobia, and transphobia
232
define safer sex
avoiding sexual behaviors that are considered high risk as well as engaging in various types of non-genital contact
233
define sex education
intended to equip students with adequate information so that they can make informed decisions about their sexual and reproductive health
234
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 10
235
define a minority vs majority
minority = a definable category of people who are socially disadvantaged
majority = a definable of people who are socially advantaged
236
define stigma
an attribute that assigns negative characteristics that don't extend to a person or group
237
define eurocentrism
the view of Europeans as being better, smarter, and naturally superior to everyone else
238
define racialization
the process of attributing complex characteristics to racial categories
ie. intelligence to white people
239
define ethnicity
a multidimensional concept that includes one's minority/majority status, ancestry, language, and religious affiliation
240
define ecological fallacy
drawing conclusions about individual attributes from data gathered from an entire group
241
define exception fallacy
drawing conclusions about an entire group based on observations of an individual
242
define democratic racism
a system that advocates equality but in fact perpetuates minority differentiation and oppression
243
define individual discrimination
occurs when an individual advantages or disadvantage's another because of that persons group membership
244
define direct vs indirect institutional discrimination
direct = occurs when an institution employs policies or practices that are discriminatory against a person/group
indirect = when individuals are treated differently based on unlawful criteria even though this action was never intended to be discriminatory
245
define prejudice discriminator vs nondiscriminator (MERTON)
prejudice discriminator = prejudiced person who discriminates
prejudice non-discriminator = prejudiced person who does not discriminate
246
define a non-prejudiced discriminator vs nondiscriminator (MERTON)
non-prejudiced discriminator = non-prejudiced person who discriminates
non-prejudiced nondiscriminator = non-prejudiced person who does not discriminate
247
define the scapegoat theory
the assertion that prejudice and discrimination originated in the frustrations of people who want to blame someone else for their problems
JOHN DOLARD
248
define the authoritarian personality theory
asserts that extreme prejudice is a personality trait of people who strongly believe in following cultural norms, traditions, and values
249
define the F-scale
ADORNO's assessment tool to determine a persons personality and likelihood of holding prejudicial attitudes
f stands for fascist and reveals two groups in society, weak and strong
250
define the Frankfurt school
a group of German social philosophers dedicated to understanding the role of culture and mass communication in the Nazi regime
251
how does culture theorists view race
the assertion that some prejudice is healthy and part of all cultures
252
define social distance
BOGARDUS' concept of the relative distance people feel between themselves and other racial/ethnic groups
253
define the culture of prejudice
a value system that promotes prejudice, discrimination and oppression
254
how does functionalists view race
studies how prejudice and discrimination can benefit society
255
how does conflict theorists view race
assumes social classes compete for limited resources and that prejudice and discrimination are logical outcomes of that competition
256
define the dual labor market theory
asserts that modern societies have two distinct labor markets; primary & secondary
257
define primary vs secondary labor markets
primary = includes secure positions that pay people a healthy salary, offers attractive fringe benefits + potential for upward mobility
secondary = insecure, temporary, pay workers hourly wages, provide only legally required benefits and rarely offer training to advance a workers position
258
define Marxist exploitation theory
the assertion that the powerful economic elite promotes and benefits from prejudice and discrimination
259
what is critical race theory
an interdisciplinary approach used to investigate the intersections of race, class, ethnicity, gender and sexuality to explain prejudice and discrimination
260
what are the 5 propositions of CRT
1. racism is an ordinary component of modern society
2. racism advances the interests of white elites and working class whites
3. race is socially constructed
4. racism affects minority groups at diff times
5. racial stratification is endemic to dominant society POC have unique historical experiences
261
how does symbolic interactionists view race
believe a persons attitudes and perceptions about minority groups are not innate but learned as a required component of culture or an expression of class conflict
262
define selective perception
the process whereby people see only those things that reinforce their preconceived perceptions
263
define the contact hypothesis
the proposal that prejudiced attitudes can decline with intergroup contacts
aka the more contact a person has with someone the less likely they are to be prejudiced against them
264
how does multicultural feminists view race
an approach that investigates race, class, and gender and gives a voice to women of color who may feel alienated from traditional white feminism
265
how does post-colonialists view race
examines the ways in which the colonial past has shaped the social, political, and economic experiences of a colonized country
266
define segregation vs separatism
segregation = formal physical/social separation of dominant and minority groups
separatism = voluntary structural/cultural isolation by minority groups from the dominant group
267
what are the 5 conditions that make assimilation easy
1. minority group migrates voluntarily
2. minority group arrive during a period of economic prosperity
3. minority group are physically similar to dominant group
4. minority group is culturally similar to dominant group
5. minority group is relatively small
268
define melting pot
the blending of new immigrants traditions and cultural identity into the dominant American culture
269
define cultural pluralism/multiculturalism
the retention of minority groups cultural identities and the promotion of cultural, ethnic, and racial diversity by the larger society
270
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 11
271
define family of orientation vs procreation
orientation = family you're born into
procreation = family you create (having children or adopting)
272
define a census family
a married couple, with or without children of either or both spouses, a couple living common-law, or a lone parent of any marital status with at least one child living in the same dwelling.
273
define an economic family
a group of two or more people who live in the same dwelling and are related to each other by blood, marriage, common law or adoption
274
what did MARGRIT EICHLER believe
argues we operate with a monolithic bias when thinking in terms of the family, signaling one ideal type of family to be normal, excluding other types
275
how do functionalists view family
concerned with order, consensus, equilibrium and harmony
276
define instrumental roles
responsible for engaging in paid labor outside the home --> men
277
define the expressive role
responsible for emotional wellbeing of family members and the socialization of children --> women
278
what did TALCOTT PARSONS believe
argues industrialization caused families to not function as economic units of production and functions of the families became more specialized in roles developed for men, women and children
279
how do conflict theorists view family
believe that how people are situation in relation to the means of production, wealth, and power fundamentally shapes the ways in which they both experience and see the world
280
how do symbolic interactionists view family
investigates how family members behaviors are shaped by their definitions and interpretations of particular situations
281
define role strain
stress that result when someone does not have sufficient resources to play a role
282
how do feminist theorists view family
families remain primary sites for the continued subordination of women
no one family form is inherently natural/functional
283
how do Marxist feminists view family
argue that the exploitation of women in families fundamental serves capitalist interests
284
how do post-structural theorists view family
seek to dismantle prevailing discourses about families and question the concept of a good mother and the notion that good fathers are breadwinners
285
how do queer theorists view family
questions the structure of families, the assumption that all families are formed through heterosexual unions, and question expectations of hetero-relationality of co-residence, romantic love, monogamy, and the primacy of the conjugal couple
286
what two kinds of labor do families rely on?
income generating work
unpaid domestic labor
287
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 12
288
define school reformers
argued education was essential to Canada economic development
289
define massification
the mass increase in postsecondary enrolment, in contrast to the smaller numbers that once constituted an elite group
290
define credential inflation
the increasing cache of educational credentials required for a particular job
291
how do functionalists view education
schools function as social systems that need to serve and reflect the values and interests of the society in which they operate
schools transition children into future citizens and prepare them to be functional workers and participants in public life
292
define allocation
assigning grades and handing out certificates, diplomas, and degrees
sorting mechanism for future roles in society
293
how do conflict theorists view education
schooling serves the capitalist aim of profit and compliant workers and schools are perceived as instrumental in preparing future conformers and relinquishing their revolutionary possibilities for human development
294
define the correspondence principle
the principle whereby the structures of workplaces are reflected in the structures of schools
295
how do symbolic interactionists view education
examines the meanings attached to school practices for students, teachers, administrators and parents
296
how do feminist theorists view education
concerned with the sexism embedded in school texts and classroom practices
Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada (1970) recommended that textbooks portray men and women in diverse roles and careers
297
how do anti-racist approaches view education
an action oriented educational political strategy for institutional and systemic change that addresses the issue of racism and the interlocking system of social oppression
298
define multiculturalism as a political doctrine vs an ideology
political doctrine = promotes Canada as culturally diverse in population, social, political, and moral fabric
ideology = promotes sameness of humanity and tends to ignore/minimize the instance of inequality, promotes tolerance of diversity
299
define anti-racism
seek to identify, challenge and change the values, structures and behavior's that perpetuate systemic racism and forms of societal oppression while challenging white privilege
300
how do cultural theorists view education
cultural values and norms are transmitted from generation to generation as cultures reproduce themselves therefore inequality is reproduced within culture
301
how do post-structural theorists view education
uncovers the discursive structures of dominance that are presented to Canadian students as truth
302
define Mcdonaldization
the notion that institution's are expected to function in ever more efficient ways with a higher degree of predictability and standardization
