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CP 110 > Final Exam Flashcards > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A

Set of ideas/principles intended to explain, model, predict the future, and guide action

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2
Q

Descriptive/Empirical Theory

A

Deductive + inductive ways of approaching a problem

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3
Q

Prescriptive Theory

A

Directives about what to do or what not to do

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4
Q

Normative Theory

A

Subjective notions of rightness/goodness/best practice

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5
Q

Critical Theory

A

Evaluations of phenomena/systems critique/often based on chosen political economy filters / capitalist & Marxist

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6
Q

Strategic Model

A

When you want to brainstorm & focus on a direction to set priorities & make an action plan, late 19th/early 20th C (Fredrick Winslow Taylor)

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7
Q

Postmodernity

A

Seeking to level power, voice, & wealth in a more equitable planning process

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8
Q

Relativism

A

Knowledge, truth, and morality exist concerning culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute

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9
Q

Pluralism

A

Recognition and affirmation of diversity within a political body, which is seen to permit the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions, and lifestyles

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10
Q

Context-Based Planning:

A

The rejection of universal city planning & one size fits all approaches

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11
Q

Planning Culture

A

The dominant system of planning and planning practice

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12
Q

National Planning Culture

A

Foundations, Institutions, Practices & Artifacts

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13
Q

Local Planning Culture

A

The history, ideology of place, and local economics drive local planning culture.

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14
Q

The Seven P’s

A

Plans, Projects, Policies, Programs, Participants, Planners, Processes

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15
Q

Urban Design

A

The conscious shaping and reshaping of human settlements both directly through design activity, but also indirectly through the provision of guidelines, regulations, policy, project shepherding, and development studies

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16
Q

Profession

A

Governing body/advocacy/licensure related to public health like a hairdresser

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17
Q

Discipline

A

Internal Theories/methods/Ethics/Practice

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18
Q

Discipline vs. Profession

A

Discipline refers to the practice of training people to obey rules and regulations and to act accordingly to set standards. Profession, on the other hand, refers to a type of career or occupation that requires a certain level of expertise and education, often in a specific field.

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19
Q

Design/Blueprint Model

A

When you want to explore possibilities through a creative process of making; a spiral cone of iterative feedback

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20
Q

Regulatory Model

A

When you need to follow instructions in city administration and regulatory control; late 19th C

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21
Q

Scientific/Rational Model

A

When you want to apply criteria to make a controlled and optimal decision; early 20th C, Kart Mannheim

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22
Q

Incremental Model

A

When you need to move at a slower pace to deal with daily reality and figure things out along the way.

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23
Q

Strategic Model

A

When you want to brainstorm & focus on a direction to set priorities & make an action plan, late 19th/early 20th C (Fredrick Winslow Taylor)

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24
Q

Advocacy Model

A

When you want to work with an interest group, champion their needs, and empower them, mid-20th century, Paul Davidoff

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25
Q

Transactional Model

A

The model emerged in the late 20th century in the writings of John Friedman, who suggested that planners and project applicants engage in the process of mutual learning and information sharing that results in a decision. The model often follows with an exchange of fees, concessions, exactions, or public contributions in exchange for planning entitlements.

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26
Q

Communicative or Consensus Model

A

When you want to bring people together to educate one another and come to an agreement.

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27
Q

Contingency Model

A

When you are uncertain about the future and need a set of scenarios to guide later decisions.

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28
Q

Ecological/Collaborative Model

A

When you need a team of specialists to plan collectively & address complex problems; late 20th, early 21st C

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29
Q

Decision-Making

A

The rational process of making a choice or deciding upon a course of action among several possible options to solve a problem.

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30
Q

Wicked Problem

A

Complex, multifaceted issues that defy straightforward solutions due to their interconnectedness, evolving nature, and involvement of diverse stakeholders. These problems lack clear definitions and have no single correct answer. They often involve conflicting values, and ambiguous information, and are resistant to resolution due to their intricate, systemic nature. Climate change, poverty, and global healthcare are examples of wicked problems that require innovative, adaptive, and collaborative approaches for even partial resolution.

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31
Q

Direct and Indirect Design

A

A direct design is a design activity.
Indirect designs are provisions of guidelines, regulations, policy, project shepherding, development studies.

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32
Q

Collaboration

A

Collaboration among planners, emphasizing shared exploration and role-based duties. Uniquely, it entails recognizing diverse expertise, fostering mutual respect, defining roles, sequencing inputs, refining shared knowledge, creating action plans with feedback loops, and continual evaluation.

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33
Q

Heretic

A

A person holding an opinion at odds with what is generally accepted

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34
Q

Public Realm

A

Any non-exclusionary space owned by a government or public entity on behalf of its people, including streets, parks, open space institutions, and urban spades that are differentiated from private property.

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35
Q

Consecutive Experience

A

Non-exclusionary space owned by gov/public entity, social behavior is cooperative, freedoms can be expressed

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36
Q

Serial Vision

A

Recognize the linked images and ’unfoldings’ of space as you move through them with both body and senses; Gordon Cullen late 1950s

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37
Q

Collective Effervescence

A

A deep feeling of personal happiness or uplift by having a shared experience where people communicate similar feelings and thoughts by participating in the same actions

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38
Q

Cosmopolitan Canopy

A

Space in the city that’s a mixing ground for people of different cultures/backgrounds, increased familiarity brings increased tolerance; Elijah Anderson

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39
Q

Third Place

A

Informal gathering spaces outside the home and work

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40
Q

Biophilia Privatization

A

In many countries, the public realm is decreasing due to the increased ___ of the public realm, with new developments that cities don’t want to maintain or pay for upkeep. healing effects of nature, Fredrick Law Olmsted

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41
Q

Commoning

A

Keep private realm spaces public through shared spaces

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42
Q

Colocation

A

Act of placing multiple entities within a single location

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43
Q

Placemaking

A

Response/action to build sense of local ownership/pride/ local identity, against generic & globalized spaces

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44
Q

Space

A

Emotionally neutral geographical area

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45
Q

Place

A

Space with meaning

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46
Q

Use Value

A

Tangible features of a commodity that can satisfy some human requirement, want, or need, or which serves a useful purpose

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47
Q

Exchange Value

A

The exchange equivalent by which the commodity is compared to other objects on the market

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48
Q

Phenomenology

A

The study of consciousness associated with sensory material

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49
Q

Bracketing

A

Dropping preconceived ideas and seeing for the first time

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50
Q

Genius Loci

A

Spirit of place

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51
Q

Character

A

Essential spatial phenomena

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52
Q

Identity

A

Recognizable characteristics; spatial form/pattern; personally constructed self

53
Q

Power of 10

A

10 destinations, 10 places in each destination, 10 things to do at each place

54
Q

Neighborhood

A

An area where residential uses dominate

55
Q

Community

A

A socially based group of people who share an interest

56
Q

Neighborhood Planning

A

An area where residential uses dominate

57
Q

Community Development

A

A subfield of city planning linked directly to housing and neighborhood development.

58
Q

Gentrification

A

The process whereby the character of a poor urban area is charged by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, typically displacing current residents in the process.

59
Q

Neighborhood Succession

A

The process where different communities replace each other

60
Q

Redevelopment

A

As buildings age and become obsolete, there is pressure to replace them. Based on social perceptions, crime, poverty, wicked problems, racism, and prejudice. Part of the process of creative destruction of cities. Depending on scale can result in forced removals.

61
Q

Dwelling Unit

A

Small additional residential unit located on the same lot as an existing single-family home (EX. detached/stand-alone, basement, garage conversion, above-garage, internal, bump-out)

62
Q

Bundle of Goods

A

Accompanies each residential dwelling, including amenities, school quality, public services, proximity to retail, neighborhood quality, etc.

63
Q

Typology

A

The study of categorically differentiated types

64
Q

Morphology

A

Study of form

65
Q

Missing Middle Housing

A

Small-scale multifamily housing ranging from duplexes to townhouses to smaller apartment buildings that are compatible with walkable neighborhoods.

66
Q

Crisis

A

Time of intense difficulty, important decisions must be made, turning point of a grave situation

67
Q

Fordism (Supply Side) vs Keynesianism (Demand Side)

A

Fordism supply-side policy = industrial production improves wages –> increased consumption –> increased supply –> maintains low prices
Keynesianism Demand-side policy = state intervention –> increased consumption –> increasing housing supply + need for affordable housing –> increased status desire –> increased socially relevant lux goods

68
Q

Public vs. Social Housing

A

Public: resident qualification, not an entitlement, american system, standardized form, income-based, varied rents

Social Housing: resident qualification lifetime entitlement, european system diverse form, life-situation based, standardized rents

69
Q

Policy

A

A legal or institutional guide to action, which might be either legislative or suggestive

70
Q

Income Tax Act

A

1913 Congress allows U.S. mortgage interest deduction from income tax per person household as an investment strategy and thereby spurs individual lending and construction of housing.

71
Q

U.S. Housing Act

A

In 1937, established federal cross-subsidy funding to local housing authorities; ended direct federal housing construction and supply. This is the model we have today.

72
Q

Redlining

A

Discriminatory practice in which services are withheld from potential customers who reside in neighborhoods classified as “hazardous” to investment

73
Q

Fair Housing Act

A

1968/Under the umbrella of the civil rights act, this focused on dismantling the nations system of racist housing policies; instituted anti-discrimination policies within federal government and provided new direction of HUD

74
Q

The New Federalism

A

1969/ Every president since Richard Nixon has continued to support the return of some powers to state and local governments. This includes returning infrastructure funding to states and local authorities, which resulted in pass-through homeowners for development costs and increasing the cost of housing. Pay as you go has become enshrined, alongside Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance before project approval.

75
Q

Section 8 Housing

A

1974/ Created demand-side federal housing assistance to qualifying households. Tops up income to meet private sector housing costs over the first 30% of household income

76
Q

Hope VI Housing

A

1992/ Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere, designed to improve and/or demolish existing failed public housing projects and replace these with mixed-income New Urbanist neo-traditional housing

77
Q

Continuum of Care

A

Organization or program to provide sequenced assistance through a stage of homelessness: McKinney - Vento homeless assistance grants

78
Q

Housing First

A

Need to house people first and get people off the street into permanent housing prior to solving the larger issues of homelessness/recognition of wicked problem status/client choice is important in guiding clients to appropriate services

79
Q

Transportation Planning

A

Analyze and understand the current state of transportation in a geographic area, designing for future transportation needs with constraints of budgets, goals, policies; help shape how the community/ city grows

80
Q

Mobility

A

The ability and ease of moving goods, services, and people which takes into consideration mode choice, operation, efficiency of movement, time, and cost.

81
Q

Accessibility

A

The amount of destinations that can be reached within a certain time and cost – given the constructed networks that allow travel

82
Q

Travel Demand

A

The amount & type of travel people would choose under specific conditions, taking into account factors like the quality of options available, costs, and time.

83
Q

Four Step Process

A

Trip Generation, Trip Distribution, Mode/Modal Split, Traffic Assignment

84
Q

Trip Generation

A

Within a specified geographic region and understanding household travel, how many trips are generated? Equations are used to estimate no. of trips

85
Q

Trip Distribution

A

Using the information collected in step 1, determine origins of trips and where the destinations are for those trips, in addition to the distances traveled

86
Q

Mode/Modal Split

A

What modes are chosen for travel by individuals, households, and groups? Considerations include time, cost, transfers, ability & access to modes

87
Q

Traffic Assignment

A

Understanding, mapping, and quantifying chosen trip routes, times of day, peak loading, congestion, and network possibilities

88
Q

Transit-Oriented Development

A

Development located near modes of transportation.

89
Q

Transport in Demand Management

A

Techniques: pricing mechanisms, supply-side strategies, supportive strategies, congestion charges, land use and urban strategies, improved transport/transit

90
Q

Peak Hour Pricing

A

Congestion pricing where customers pay an additional fee during periods of high demand

91
Q

Streetscape

A

The street alignment and cross-section, trees, lighting, hardscape, all modes of movement, visible and unseen infrastructure, furnishing & other thematic elements

92
Q

Hierarchy of Street Types

A

Fast to slow: Freeway, Arterial Road, Collector Road, Service Road, Local Roads

93
Q

Pedestrianization

A

Ban vehicles and return street to pedestrians

94
Q

Road Diet

A

Changing alignments to allow other uses & modes

95
Q

Complete Street

A

An approach to planning, designing, and building streets that enables safe access for all users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists, and transit riders of all ages and abilities.

96
Q

Traffic Calming

A

Example of a safety mechanism that allows sharing of space (roundabouts)

97
Q

Shared Streets/Woonderf

A

(“Street for living”) is a Dutch term for common space created to be shared by pedestrians, bicyclists, and low-speed motor vehicles

98
Q

Economic Development

A

The building of capacities that expand economic actors’ capabilities to expand both quantitative growth and qualitative development.

99
Q

Economic Growth

A

A quantitative measure of economic output

100
Q

Multiplier Effect

A

An economic term that measures the impact that a change in economic activity— like investment or spending—will have on the total economic output of something

101
Q

Business Attraction Strategy

A

Cities offer land, networking, labor, low taxes/ tax incentives, cash grants to attract businesses

102
Q

Cluster Development

A

Bring together a single business sector that has multiplier possibilities.; build off of local resources already in place; take advantage of local tacit knowledge and experience. Planning assistance & policy to a single sector is easier; helps create power base & sense of place

103
Q

Economic Diversification

A

Resilient economic profile, anticipate collapses, study possibilities of what is already an asset w/in the city, establish channels of communication, develop plans to attract businesses & competition

104
Q

Command and Control Competition

A

Cities compete for gov installations with certainty, big multiplier effect due to heavy resident & family base, very stable economic inputs

105
Q

Municipal Competition

A

General funds from tax revenue, may create greater cluster of goods sold, each city build specific identity

106
Q

Fiscal Zoning

A

Fiscal zoning is the practice of using local land-use regulation to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base (also like exclusionary zoning)

107
Q

Creative Class Attraction

A

Drawing knowledge and creative class workers raises the economic profile of the population bring in new $ and new tax potential; tech savvy & innovative, upscaled businesses, the creative class usually more socially tolerant

108
Q

Event and Venue Creation

A
  • Build it and they will come
  • Depends on the creation of event legacy projects & new venues that can be adapted to regular use after the event
  • Brings exciting new designs that might impact local identity
  • Helps coalesce excitement for a short time
109
Q

Bilbao Effect

A

One attraction can transform and revive the city (doesn’t usually work)

110
Q

Tourism Strategies

A
  • Brings in new travel investment, infrastructure, utilities, internet
  • Creates global tolerance/exposure to new peoples
  • Brings in new jobs / some good, others not so good
  • Might help to revitalize a place’s brand
  • Huge boost in taxes / differential taxation
111
Q

International Development

A

A broad concept that involves the desire to improve economic, social, health, and living conditions across international borders and often in developing countries where specific needs are addressed.

112
Q

International Development Project

A

Broad concept, desire to improve economic, social, health, and living conditions across international borders, often in developing countries

113
Q

Modernization Theory

A

Counter theory to Marx; The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that with assistance, “traditional” countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed countries have been

114
Q

Stages of Modernization

A
  1. Traditional society
  2. Preconditions for the take-off of the big push
  3. Take-off import-substituting industrialization
  4. Road to maturity expansion-multiplication raises incomes and savings
  5. Age of mass consumption
115
Q

Sites and Services Project

A

Cut parcels / reticulate water

116
Q

Process Consulting

A

Remaking development practice; consultants stop exporting planning & facilitate solutions w/ people who know best – decisions fitted to place realty

117
Q

Squatting

A

Illegal occupation of land without tenure

118
Q

Informal Settlement

A

Unauthorized/unplanned structures/infrastructure

119
Q

Slum

A

Substandard residential areas without adequate shelter, infrastructure, or social services, often without secure tenure

120
Q

Upgrading

A

Improving slums

121
Q

Environmental Planning

A

Field of study that since the 1970s has been concerned with a given society’s collective stewardship over its resources that ultimately includes those of the entire planet; aims to integrate the public sector urban planning with the concerns of environmentalism to ensure sustainable development

122
Q

Ecology

A

Branch of science that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings; dynamic and complex systems of interrelated components, each having an impact on the other

123
Q

Ecosystem

A

Arthur Tansley coins this term 1935; a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

124
Q

Environmental Justice

A

A branch of social justice practice that deals with the relationship between people and the built and natural environments they come into contact with regularly.

125
Q

Environmental Impact Report

A

Environmental consequences of a plan, policy, program, or actual project prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action

126
Q

Resiliency

A

The ability of a place to bounce back, or the degree of planning forethought and conscious preparedness that encourages a place to bounce back more rapidly.

127
Q

Resiliency Planning

A

Empowers diverse stakeholders to evaluate plans, set strategic policies, and implement projects that will enable them to adapt & thrive when faced with challenges;
1. Integrate resilience into overarching planning documents & regulations.
2. Develop stand-alone resilience frameworks or plans.
3. Conduct a resilience audit of existing plans and policies.

128
Q

Redundant System

A

Part of resiliency planning; build so that if one system goes out during a shock, another kicks in

CP 110 (2 decks)

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