Final Exam Flashcards
Theory
Set of ideas/principles intended to explain, model, predict the future, and guide action
Descriptive/Empirical Theory
Deductive + inductive ways of approaching a problem
Prescriptive Theory
Directives about what to do or what not to do
Normative Theory
Subjective notions of rightness/goodness/best practice
Critical Theory
Evaluations of phenomena/systems critique/often based on chosen political economy filters / capitalist & Marxist
Strategic Model
When you want to brainstorm & focus on a direction to set priorities & make an action plan, late 19th/early 20th C (Fredrick Winslow Taylor)
Postmodernity
Seeking to level power, voice, & wealth in a more equitable planning process
Relativism
Knowledge, truth, and morality exist concerning culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute
Pluralism
Recognition and affirmation of diversity within a political body, which is seen to permit the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions, and lifestyles
Context-Based Planning:
The rejection of universal city planning & one size fits all approaches
Planning Culture
The dominant system of planning and planning practice
National Planning Culture
Foundations, Institutions, Practices & Artifacts
Local Planning Culture
The history, ideology of place, and local economics drive local planning culture.
The Seven P’s
Plans, Projects, Policies, Programs, Participants, Planners, Processes
Urban Design
The conscious shaping and reshaping of human settlements both directly through design activity, but also indirectly through the provision of guidelines, regulations, policy, project shepherding, and development studies
Profession
Governing body/advocacy/licensure related to public health like a hairdresser
Discipline
Internal Theories/methods/Ethics/Practice
Discipline vs. Profession
Discipline refers to the practice of training people to obey rules and regulations and to act accordingly to set standards. Profession, on the other hand, refers to a type of career or occupation that requires a certain level of expertise and education, often in a specific field.
Design/Blueprint Model
When you want to explore possibilities through a creative process of making; a spiral cone of iterative feedback
Regulatory Model
When you need to follow instructions in city administration and regulatory control; late 19th C
Scientific/Rational Model
When you want to apply criteria to make a controlled and optimal decision; early 20th C, Kart Mannheim
Incremental Model
When you need to move at a slower pace to deal with daily reality and figure things out along the way.
Strategic Model
When you want to brainstorm & focus on a direction to set priorities & make an action plan, late 19th/early 20th C (Fredrick Winslow Taylor)
Advocacy Model
When you want to work with an interest group, champion their needs, and empower them, mid-20th century, Paul Davidoff
Transactional Model
The model emerged in the late 20th century in the writings of John Friedman, who suggested that planners and project applicants engage in the process of mutual learning and information sharing that results in a decision. The model often follows with an exchange of fees, concessions, exactions, or public contributions in exchange for planning entitlements.
Communicative or Consensus Model
When you want to bring people together to educate one another and come to an agreement.
Contingency Model
When you are uncertain about the future and need a set of scenarios to guide later decisions.
Ecological/Collaborative Model
When you need a team of specialists to plan collectively & address complex problems; late 20th, early 21st C
Decision-Making
The rational process of making a choice or deciding upon a course of action among several possible options to solve a problem.
Wicked Problem
Complex, multifaceted issues that defy straightforward solutions due to their interconnectedness, evolving nature, and involvement of diverse stakeholders. These problems lack clear definitions and have no single correct answer. They often involve conflicting values, and ambiguous information, and are resistant to resolution due to their intricate, systemic nature. Climate change, poverty, and global healthcare are examples of wicked problems that require innovative, adaptive, and collaborative approaches for even partial resolution.
Direct and Indirect Design
A direct design is a design activity.
Indirect designs are provisions of guidelines, regulations, policy, project shepherding, development studies.
Collaboration
Collaboration among planners, emphasizing shared exploration and role-based duties. Uniquely, it entails recognizing diverse expertise, fostering mutual respect, defining roles, sequencing inputs, refining shared knowledge, creating action plans with feedback loops, and continual evaluation.
Heretic
A person holding an opinion at odds with what is generally accepted
Public Realm
Any non-exclusionary space owned by a government or public entity on behalf of its people, including streets, parks, open space institutions, and urban spades that are differentiated from private property.
Consecutive Experience
Non-exclusionary space owned by gov/public entity, social behavior is cooperative, freedoms can be expressed
Serial Vision
Recognize the linked images and ’unfoldings’ of space as you move through them with both body and senses; Gordon Cullen late 1950s
Collective Effervescence
A deep feeling of personal happiness or uplift by having a shared experience where people communicate similar feelings and thoughts by participating in the same actions
Cosmopolitan Canopy
Space in the city that’s a mixing ground for people of different cultures/backgrounds, increased familiarity brings increased tolerance; Elijah Anderson
Third Place
Informal gathering spaces outside the home and work
Biophilia Privatization
In many countries, the public realm is decreasing due to the increased ___ of the public realm, with new developments that cities don’t want to maintain or pay for upkeep. healing effects of nature, Fredrick Law Olmsted
Commoning
Keep private realm spaces public through shared spaces
Colocation
Act of placing multiple entities within a single location
Placemaking
Response/action to build sense of local ownership/pride/ local identity, against generic & globalized spaces
Space
Emotionally neutral geographical area
Place
Space with meaning
Use Value
Tangible features of a commodity that can satisfy some human requirement, want, or need, or which serves a useful purpose
Exchange Value
The exchange equivalent by which the commodity is compared to other objects on the market
Phenomenology
The study of consciousness associated with sensory material
Bracketing
Dropping preconceived ideas and seeing for the first time
Genius Loci
Spirit of place
Character
Essential spatial phenomena
Identity
Recognizable characteristics; spatial form/pattern; personally constructed self
Power of 10
10 destinations, 10 places in each destination, 10 things to do at each place
Neighborhood
An area where residential uses dominate
Community
A socially based group of people who share an interest
Neighborhood Planning
An area where residential uses dominate
Community Development
A subfield of city planning linked directly to housing and neighborhood development.
Gentrification
The process whereby the character of a poor urban area is charged by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, typically displacing current residents in the process.
Neighborhood Succession
The process where different communities replace each other
Redevelopment
As buildings age and become obsolete, there is pressure to replace them. Based on social perceptions, crime, poverty, wicked problems, racism, and prejudice. Part of the process of creative destruction of cities. Depending on scale can result in forced removals.
Dwelling Unit
Small additional residential unit located on the same lot as an existing single-family home (EX. detached/stand-alone, basement, garage conversion, above-garage, internal, bump-out)
Bundle of Goods
Accompanies each residential dwelling, including amenities, school quality, public services, proximity to retail, neighborhood quality, etc.
Typology
The study of categorically differentiated types
Morphology
Study of form
Missing Middle Housing
Small-scale multifamily housing ranging from duplexes to townhouses to smaller apartment buildings that are compatible with walkable neighborhoods.
Crisis
Time of intense difficulty, important decisions must be made, turning point of a grave situation
Fordism (Supply Side) vs Keynesianism (Demand Side)
Fordism supply-side policy = industrial production improves wages –> increased consumption –> increased supply –> maintains low prices
Keynesianism Demand-side policy = state intervention –> increased consumption –> increasing housing supply + need for affordable housing –> increased status desire –> increased socially relevant lux goods
Public vs. Social Housing
Public: resident qualification, not an entitlement, american system, standardized form, income-based, varied rents
Social Housing: resident qualification lifetime entitlement, european system diverse form, life-situation based, standardized rents
Policy
A legal or institutional guide to action, which might be either legislative or suggestive
Income Tax Act
1913 Congress allows U.S. mortgage interest deduction from income tax per person household as an investment strategy and thereby spurs individual lending and construction of housing.
U.S. Housing Act
In 1937, established federal cross-subsidy funding to local housing authorities; ended direct federal housing construction and supply. This is the model we have today.
Redlining
Discriminatory practice in which services are withheld from potential customers who reside in neighborhoods classified as “hazardous” to investment
Fair Housing Act
1968/Under the umbrella of the civil rights act, this focused on dismantling the nations system of racist housing policies; instituted anti-discrimination policies within federal government and provided new direction of HUD
The New Federalism
1969/ Every president since Richard Nixon has continued to support the return of some powers to state and local governments. This includes returning infrastructure funding to states and local authorities, which resulted in pass-through homeowners for development costs and increasing the cost of housing. Pay as you go has become enshrined, alongside Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance before project approval.
Section 8 Housing
1974/ Created demand-side federal housing assistance to qualifying households. Tops up income to meet private sector housing costs over the first 30% of household income
Hope VI Housing
1992/ Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere, designed to improve and/or demolish existing failed public housing projects and replace these with mixed-income New Urbanist neo-traditional housing
Continuum of Care
Organization or program to provide sequenced assistance through a stage of homelessness: McKinney - Vento homeless assistance grants
Housing First
Need to house people first and get people off the street into permanent housing prior to solving the larger issues of homelessness/recognition of wicked problem status/client choice is important in guiding clients to appropriate services
Transportation Planning
Analyze and understand the current state of transportation in a geographic area, designing for future transportation needs with constraints of budgets, goals, policies; help shape how the community/ city grows
Mobility
The ability and ease of moving goods, services, and people which takes into consideration mode choice, operation, efficiency of movement, time, and cost.
Accessibility
The amount of destinations that can be reached within a certain time and cost – given the constructed networks that allow travel
Travel Demand
The amount & type of travel people would choose under specific conditions, taking into account factors like the quality of options available, costs, and time.
Four Step Process
Trip Generation, Trip Distribution, Mode/Modal Split, Traffic Assignment
Trip Generation
Within a specified geographic region and understanding household travel, how many trips are generated? Equations are used to estimate no. of trips
Trip Distribution
Using the information collected in step 1, determine origins of trips and where the destinations are for those trips, in addition to the distances traveled
Mode/Modal Split
What modes are chosen for travel by individuals, households, and groups? Considerations include time, cost, transfers, ability & access to modes
Traffic Assignment
Understanding, mapping, and quantifying chosen trip routes, times of day, peak loading, congestion, and network possibilities
Transit-Oriented Development
Development located near modes of transportation.
Transport in Demand Management
Techniques: pricing mechanisms, supply-side strategies, supportive strategies, congestion charges, land use and urban strategies, improved transport/transit
Peak Hour Pricing
Congestion pricing where customers pay an additional fee during periods of high demand
Streetscape
The street alignment and cross-section, trees, lighting, hardscape, all modes of movement, visible and unseen infrastructure, furnishing & other thematic elements
Hierarchy of Street Types
Fast to slow: Freeway, Arterial Road, Collector Road, Service Road, Local Roads
Pedestrianization
Ban vehicles and return street to pedestrians
Road Diet
Changing alignments to allow other uses & modes
Complete Street
An approach to planning, designing, and building streets that enables safe access for all users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists, and transit riders of all ages and abilities.
Traffic Calming
Example of a safety mechanism that allows sharing of space (roundabouts)
Shared Streets/Woonderf
(“Street for living”) is a Dutch term for common space created to be shared by pedestrians, bicyclists, and low-speed motor vehicles
Economic Development
The building of capacities that expand economic actors’ capabilities to expand both quantitative growth and qualitative development.
Economic Growth
A quantitative measure of economic output
Multiplier Effect
An economic term that measures the impact that a change in economic activity— like investment or spending—will have on the total economic output of something
Business Attraction Strategy
Cities offer land, networking, labor, low taxes/ tax incentives, cash grants to attract businesses
Cluster Development
Bring together a single business sector that has multiplier possibilities.; build off of local resources already in place; take advantage of local tacit knowledge and experience. Planning assistance & policy to a single sector is easier; helps create power base & sense of place
Economic Diversification
Resilient economic profile, anticipate collapses, study possibilities of what is already an asset w/in the city, establish channels of communication, develop plans to attract businesses & competition
Command and Control Competition
Cities compete for gov installations with certainty, big multiplier effect due to heavy resident & family base, very stable economic inputs
Municipal Competition
General funds from tax revenue, may create greater cluster of goods sold, each city build specific identity
Fiscal Zoning
Fiscal zoning is the practice of using local land-use regulation to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base (also like exclusionary zoning)
Creative Class Attraction
Drawing knowledge and creative class workers raises the economic profile of the population bring in new $ and new tax potential; tech savvy & innovative, upscaled businesses, the creative class usually more socially tolerant
Event and Venue Creation
- Build it and they will come
- Depends on the creation of event legacy projects & new venues that can be adapted to regular use after the event
- Brings exciting new designs that might impact local identity
- Helps coalesce excitement for a short time
Bilbao Effect
One attraction can transform and revive the city (doesn’t usually work)
Tourism Strategies
- Brings in new travel investment, infrastructure, utilities, internet
- Creates global tolerance/exposure to new peoples
- Brings in new jobs / some good, others not so good
- Might help to revitalize a place’s brand
- Huge boost in taxes / differential taxation
International Development
A broad concept that involves the desire to improve economic, social, health, and living conditions across international borders and often in developing countries where specific needs are addressed.
International Development Project
Broad concept, desire to improve economic, social, health, and living conditions across international borders, often in developing countries
Modernization Theory
Counter theory to Marx; The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that with assistance, “traditional” countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed countries have been
Stages of Modernization
- Traditional society
- Preconditions for the take-off of the big push
- Take-off import-substituting industrialization
- Road to maturity expansion-multiplication raises incomes and savings
- Age of mass consumption
Sites and Services Project
Cut parcels / reticulate water
Process Consulting
Remaking development practice; consultants stop exporting planning & facilitate solutions w/ people who know best – decisions fitted to place realty
Squatting
Illegal occupation of land without tenure
Informal Settlement
Unauthorized/unplanned structures/infrastructure
Slum
Substandard residential areas without adequate shelter, infrastructure, or social services, often without secure tenure
Upgrading
Improving slums
Environmental Planning
Field of study that since the 1970s has been concerned with a given society’s collective stewardship over its resources that ultimately includes those of the entire planet; aims to integrate the public sector urban planning with the concerns of environmentalism to ensure sustainable development
Ecology
Branch of science that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings; dynamic and complex systems of interrelated components, each having an impact on the other
Ecosystem
Arthur Tansley coins this term 1935; a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Environmental Justice
A branch of social justice practice that deals with the relationship between people and the built and natural environments they come into contact with regularly.
Environmental Impact Report
Environmental consequences of a plan, policy, program, or actual project prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action
Resiliency
The ability of a place to bounce back, or the degree of planning forethought and conscious preparedness that encourages a place to bounce back more rapidly.
Resiliency Planning
Empowers diverse stakeholders to evaluate plans, set strategic policies, and implement projects that will enable them to adapt & thrive when faced with challenges;
1. Integrate resilience into overarching planning documents & regulations.
2. Develop stand-alone resilience frameworks or plans.
3. Conduct a resilience audit of existing plans and policies.
Redundant System
Part of resiliency planning; build so that if one system goes out during a shock, another kicks in
