Final Exam Flashcards!
1
Q
Changes in the external and internal environment are _____ that are detected by the sensory system
A
Stimuli
2
Q
Conscious awareness of incoming sensory information is called?
A
Sensation
3
Q
Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment?
A
Exteroceptors
4
Q
These receptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch
A
Mechanoreceptors
5
Q
What is NOT a part of the olfactory epithelium?
A
Gustatory cells
6
Q
The fibrous tunic of the eye is composed of two parts. What are they?
A
The cornea and the sclera
7
Q
What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?
A
The optic disc
8
Q
Phototransduction is the process in which
A
Photoreceptors convert light energy to changes in membrane potential
9
Q
What is the function of the auditory tube?
A
To equalize air pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear
10
Q
The part of the cochlea that converts pressure waves (from sounds) into changes in membrane potentials in the
A
Spiral organ
11
Q
After being funneled by the auricle, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the
A
External acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window
12
Q
When you travel on a moving walkway or an elevator, the linear acceleration of your body is sensed by the
A
Utricle and saccule
13
Q
Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones
A
Transportation
14
Q
The temperature of blood is about _____ than measured body temperature
A
1*C higher
15
Q
The “buffy coat” in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of
A
Platelets and leukocytes
16
Q
The most numerous of the formed elements are the
A
Erythrocytes
17
Q
Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight?
A
92%
18
Q
The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called
A
Hemopoiesis
19
Q
Colony - stimulation factors influence the development of specific formed elements depending on the body’s needs T/F
A
True
20
Q
How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?
A
4
21
Q
Which characteristics of type O blood
A: has anti-A antibodies
B: Has anti-B antibodies
C: Has surface antigen O
D: Has surface antigen A
E: Has neither surface
antigen A nor B
A
A: Has anti-A antibodies
B: Has anti-B antibodies
E: Has neither surface antigen A nor B
22
Q
Which leukocytes are granulocytes?
A: Neutrophils
B: Eosinophils
C: Lymphocytes
D: Monocytes
E: Basophils
F: Erythrocytes
A
A: Neutrophils
B: Eosinophils
E: Basophils
23
Q
Erythropoietin is released by the ______ in response to low blood oxygen levels
A
Kidney
24
Q
The first phase of hemostasis involves?
A
Blood vessel constriction AKA Vasoconstriction
25
The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. The pulmonary trunk is a(n)
Artery
26
The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles T/F
True
27
Which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood?
Right atrium and right ventricle
28
The pericardial cavity is between the
Visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium
29
What type of tissue forms the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
Dense irregular connective tissue
30
The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the
Myocardium
31
Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?
Contraction of the right ventricle
32
```
What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle?
A: Atrioventricular node
B: Atrioventricular bundle
C: Sinoatrial node
D: Through the atria
E: Through the ventricles
F: Bundle branches
G: Purkinje fibers
```
```
C: Sinoatrial
D: Through the atria
A: Atrioventricular node
B: Atrioventricular bundle
F: Bundle branches
G: Purkinje fibers
E: Through the ventricles
```
33
In an ECG, what does the T wave represent?
Repolarization of the ventricles
34
During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time?
2
35
Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped
By a single ventricle in one minute
36
The function of the coronary sinus is to
Take blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium
37
A network of small arteries called the ______ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels
Vasa Vasorum
38
In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the
Tunica media
39
As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins
Get larger
40
The largest arteries of the body are classified as
Eleatic arteries
41
Which is the most common type of capillary
Continuous
42
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to
The proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption
43
As blood moves from the arterial end of the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure
Decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases
44
Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is need to
Reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid
45
A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed
False
46
Systolic blood pressure is recorded
In arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction
47
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be
50 mmHg
48
The contraction of skeletal muscles plays and important role in the movement of blood in the veins T/F
True
49
Renin converts
Angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
50
Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates
Vasodilation, increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure
51
Lymph contains red blood cells T/F
False
52
The path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through
Spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one - way flaps
53
The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the
Right arm
54
The spleen is considered a primary lymphatic structure T/F
False
55
B - lymphocytes are
White blood cells that are generated in red bone marrow
56
Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clusters in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck
Cervical lymph nodes
57
Lymph nodes
Filter lymph
58
One of the functions of the lymphatic system is to transport fat T/F
True
59
The thymus gland begins to atrophy immediately after birth T/F
False
60
The spleen is essentially a giant lymph node, because it is encapsulated, had trabeculae, and filters lymph to remove antigens T/F
False
61
Interferons are one of the classes of
Cytokines
62
Nonspecific immunity is another name for
Innate immunity
63
In addition to creating a physical barrier to pathogen entry, mucus contains antimicrobial substances such as IgA T/F
True
64
Inflammation is a(n)
Nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue
65
Inflamed tissue fells warm due to
Increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity
66
B - lymphocytes cannot bind directly with an antigen, and so require presentation by another type of cell T/F
False
67
Activation of lymphocytes occurs in
Secondary lymphatic structures
68
Most activated B - lymphocytes differentiate into
Plasma cells
69
Why are functions of T - lymphocytes referred to as "cell - mediated" immunity
Because T - lymphocytes are cells and not just plasma proteins
70
An immunoglobulin is a(n)
Antibody, which is a protein molecule
71
IgA is primarily found
In external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus
72
In passive immunity, the individual has not had an antigenic challenge T/F
True
73
A variety of lymphatic cells are involved in the immune response in the immune response. Which is not part of the process
Replication of antigens
74
Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Alveoli
75
Several things happen to inhaled air in a process called conditioning. Select and exception
The air is cooled
76
Which bone does not contain a paranasal sinus?
Mandible`
77
What structure is also known as the "voice box"?
Larynx
78
What type of tissue lines the trachea
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
79
Bronchoconstriction results from relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of airways T/F
False
80
On each side of the chest, the ______ pleura lines the internal thoracic wall and the ______ pleura tightly covers the lung
Parietal; visceral
81
```
Organized the items listed into the proper sequence of events for gas exchange
A: O2 is transported to
cells by circulatory
system
B: O2 is drawn into the
lungs during inhalation
C: cells use O2 and
generate CO2
D: CO2 is exhaled
E: The circulatory system
transports CO2 to the
lungs
```
B: O2 in drawn into the lungs during inhalation
A: O2 is transported to cell by circulatory system
C: Cells use O2 and generate CO2
E: The circulatory system transports CO2 to the lungs
D: CO2 is exhaled
82
Air flows out of the body during expiration because
Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
83
Where would you find the trachealis muscle?
Between the esophagus and the trachea
84
The amount of sir that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration is the
Inspiratory reserve volume
85
When a parietal pressure gradient exists for a gas, it will move from the area of its lower pressure to the area of higher partial pressure
False
86
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood in the lungs is called
External respiration
87
Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood as bicarbonate dissolved in plasma T/F
True
88
In addition to oxygen, hemoglobin also transports
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
89
The ______ transfer from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureters
90
The kidneys are located ______ the peritoneum
Posterior to
91
The first structure in the kidney to collect newly formed urine is the
Minor calyx
92
Cortical nephrons have their corpuscles near the _______ edge of the cortex and are the ______ common type of nephron
Peripheral; more
93
Granular cells synthesize and release the enzyme
Renin
94
What is the correct sequence of arteries that a drop of blood would flow through as it entered the kidney and moved toward a glomerulus
Renal artery - segmental artery - interlobular artery - accurate artery - interlobular artery
95
Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur in the renal tubule
Secretion and reabsorption only
96
The endothelium of the glomerulus is made up of ______ capillaries
Fenestrated
97
Podocytes are cells with foot - like processes called pedicels. Podocytes are found in the
Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
98
The hormone ANP is released from the heart and causes the urinary system to
Increase in urine volume and decrease in blood volume
99
The reabsorption of both sodium and potassium is carefully regulated T/F
True
100
The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the ______ muscle
Detrusor
101
At which stage of life is the percentage of fluid in the human body highest
Infancy
102
When compared to extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid contains
More potassium and more negatively charges proteins
103
As an individual becomes dehydrated, the net movement of fluid in their body id from cells toward plasma T/F
True
104
Fluid intake causes blood volume to increase T/F
True
105
The thirst center of the brain is located in the
Hypothalamus
106
The most abundant cation within cells is
Potassium
107
Angiotensin 2 stimulates the adrenal cortex to release antidiuretic hormone T/F
False
108
An individual who consumes many antacids for stomach upset and many diuretic for high blood pressure will be be at risk for metabolic
Alkalosis
109
Renal compensation for acidosis results in
Urine with a low pH and an elevation of blood bicarbonate levels
110
To compensate for metabolic acidosis, the respiratory system increases breathing rate, which lowers that partial pressure of carbon dioxide below normal levels T/F
True
111
What organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?
Liver
112
An organ that helps break down food but is not part of the tube through which the foodstuffs pass is referred to as a(n)
Accessory digestive organ
113
The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion
Oral cavity
114
Lipid molecules that are absorbed from the GI tract enter
Lacteals
115
The term "retroperitoneal" may be used to describe the location of certain abdominal organs. This means that such organs are located
Posterior to the parietal peritoneum
116
"Segmentation" within the small intestine refers to the
Back - and - forth motion that mixes chyme with glandular secretions
117
What is the primary function of the large intesstine
Water and electrolyte absorption
118
The enzyme pepsin becomes active when pH is
Low
119
What is the substance secreted by the G cells of the gastric glands
Gastrin
120
Put the tunics of the GI tract wall in correct order from deep to superficial
Mucosa - submucosa - tunica muscularis - serosa
121
Which of the following is NOT part of the biliary apparatus
Transverse bile duct
122
Which gastric gland cell secretes alkaline mucin
Surface mucous cell
123
When chyme leaves the stomach, what does it enter next?
Duodenum
124
What is the blood vessel in the middle of the liver lobule that receives blood from the hepatic sinusoids?
Central vein
125
Triglycerides and steroids are both examples of
Lipids
126
A nonessential amino acid is now that
Can be made with the body
127
Vitamin C is a
Water - soluble, essential vitamin
128
A deficiency in vitamin ______ may lead to bleeding problems
Vitamin K
129
Are minerals organic molecules
No
130
Honey, fruit and milk are all sources of
Sugars
131
The absorptive state occurs
From when you are eating until about 4 hours after the meal
132
One of the ultimate effects of insulin is to stimulate protein synthesis within cells of the body T/F
True
133
High - density lipoproteins (HDLs) are associated with the transport of lipids from the
Peripheral tissues to the liver
134
When glucose enters glycolysis, it
Is oxidized to pyruvate molecules
135
Is protein a macronutrient?
Yes
136
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No
137
Which step in cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Electron transport system
138
The coenzymes that will provide the electrons needed for the electron transport system are
NADH and FADH2
139
Which of the following is the product of the citric acid cycle
Carbon dioxide molecules
140
What is the correct order for the phases of the ovarian cycle, beginning with day 1
Follicular, ovulation, luteal
141
What are fimbriae?
Fingerlike projection at the opening of the uterine tube
142
The myometrium of the uterus is composed of
Smooth muscle
143
What do the interstitial cells in the testes
Secrete testosterone
144
What to the rete testis receive?
Sperm from the seminiferous tubules
145
Which of the following is the neck of the uterus that projects into the vagina
Cervix
146
After ovulation, the oocyte does?
It releases chemotoxic signals to attract sperm to its location
147
Cleavage occurs during
The pre - embryonic period
148
The fingerlike structures of the placenta that form from its fetal portion are known as
Chorionic Villi
149
The secondary trimester of a pregnancy includes months
4 - 6
150
Shortly after birth the foramen ovale of the fetal heart ceases to function as an open pathway for blood T/F
True
