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BIO 325 > Final Exam: Fall 23 > Flashcards

Final Exam: Fall 23 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Competition for a single resource

A

population dynamics of two competing species can be modeled by extending the logistic growth equation to multiple species

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2
Q

What is N1

A

the number of species 1

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3
Q

what is N2

A

the number of species 2

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4
Q

What is intraspecific

A

1/K or 1/K2

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5
Q

What is interspecific

A

lil fish thing/K1 or B/K2

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6
Q

Species Richness

A

often increases from the local to landscape scale because habitat diversity increases along this dimension

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7
Q

alpha (local) diversity

A

average number of species in a relatively small area of homogenous habitat

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8
Q

gamma (regional) diversity

A

number of species in all of the habitats that comprise a large geographical region

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9
Q

beta (turnover) diversity

A

number of species that differ in occurrence between regional and local habitats

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10
Q

regional species pool

A

collection of species that occurs within a geographical region

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11
Q

How to calculate gamma diversity

A

Add all of the numbers from the sites and the shared areas

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12
Q

how to calculate alpha diversity

A

add all from just the main sites (no shared areas) and then divide by the number of main sites

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13
Q

how to calculate beta diversity

A

gamma diversity - alpha diversity

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14
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition among individuals of the same species

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15
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition among individuals of a different species

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16
Q

what is a resource

A

anything an organism consumes or uses that causes an increase in population growth rate when it becomes more available.

more resources means more population growth

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17
Q

renewable resources

A

resources that are regenerated at some rate

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18
Q

nonrenewable resources

A

resources that are not regenerated at an appreciable rate

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19
Q

liebigs law of the minimum

A

population sizes are limited by the most limiting resource

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20
Q

what are diatoms

A

silica for cell walls

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21
Q

suppose you have found that fertilizing grain fields with nitrogen increases crop yield
based on liebigs law of the minimum, how is crop yield most likely to respond as you add more and more nitrogen?

A. yield grows at a faster and faster rate
B. yield grows at a constant rate
C. yield grows but growth slows and eventually stops

A

C. yield grows but growth slows and eventually stops

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22
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

two species cannot coexist indefinitely when they are both limited by the same resource. extinction of population

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23
Q

competition among related species

A

darwin suggested competition is most intense between related species because they have similar traits and consume similar resources

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24
Q

competition among distant species

A

competition can also be intense among distantly related species that consume a common resource

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25
Q

given the tremendous diversity in tropical forests and the principle of competitive exclusion, what might explain why so many species coexist there?

A. each species inhabits its own niche and therefore doesn’t share limiting resources
B. Each species depends on the density of at least one other species (mutualism)
C. Competition may not actually drive species to extinction
D. Any of the above

A

D. Any of the above

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26
Q

abiotic conditions

A

the ability to compete well may be countered by the ability to persist in harsh abiotic conditions

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27
Q

exploitative competition

A

competition in which individuals consume and drive down the abundance of a resource so that other individuals survive and reproduce more poorly

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28
Q

interference competition

A

competitors directly defend resources

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29
Q

apparent competition

A

two species have a negative effect on each other through an enemy, such as a predator, parasite ,or herbivore

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30
Q

allelopathy

A

a type of interference competition that occurs when organisms use chemicals to harm their competitors

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31
Q

apex predators eats mesopredators and herbivores, and mesopredators only eat herbivores.
herbivores and meso predators are
1. prey and predator
2. competitors
3. mutualists

A. 1 and 2
B. 1 and 3
C. 2 and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3

A

A. 1 and 2

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32
Q

What is mutualism

A

mutualism is a positive interaction between two species in which one species receives benefits that only the other species can provide

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33
Q

what is a generalist

A

species that interact with many other species

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34
Q

what is a specialist

A

species that interacts with one or a few closely related species

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35
Q

what is an obligate mutualists

A

species that require each other to persist

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36
Q

what is a facultative mutualist

A

species where the interaction is not critical to the persistence of either species

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37
Q

what are lichens

A

fungus + algae/cyanobacteria

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38
Q

mycorrhizal fungi

A

fungi surround plant roots and help plants get water and minerals

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39
Q

endomycorrhizal fungi

A

hyphal penetrate root cells between cell walls and the cell membrane

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40
Q

ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

hyphae surround plant roots and enter between root cells but rarely into the cells

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41
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A

endomycorrhizal fungi that infect many plants including apple trees, peach trees, coffee trees, and grasses. includes 70-90% of land plant species

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42
Q

mutualistic interactions between plants and bacteria

A

help plants convert unusable forms of minerals into forms that they can use

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43
Q

suppose that some humans decide to eat all the honeycomb, wax, grubs, etc leaving nothing for the honeyguide. ecologically, the humans and honeyguides are
A. mutualists and mutualists
B. predators and prey
C. parasites and hosts
D. assholes and unlucky

A

C. parasites and hosts

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44
Q

suppose that apex predators only eat mesopredators and mesopredators only eat herbivores
apex predators and herbivores are

A. prey and predator
B. competitors
C. mutualists
D. none of the above

A

C. mutualists

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45
Q

negative interactions

A

when a species in a mutualism provides a benefit to another species, but no longer receives a benefit in return

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46
Q

what is cheating

A

occurs when one species receives a benefit but does not provide one in return

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47
Q

a cheating mycorrhizal fungus is most unlike

A. a civet that digests coffee beans instead of pooping them out
B. a cancer cell that ignores signals to stop dividing
C. a honey bee that eats nectar but doesn’t transfer pollen

A

B. a cancer cell that ignores signals to stop dividing

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48
Q

effects on species distributions

A

the disruption of a mutualism may cause a decline of the species involved and a reduction in their distribution and abundance

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49
Q

communities and mutualism

A

mutualism can also change the abundance of species through a chain of interactions

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50
Q

the effcts of mutualism on ecosystem function

A

mutualisms can also have effects at the level of the ecosystem. more nutrients and more productivity

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51
Q

mutualism and convervation

A

loss of disperses can result in a reduction in plant abundance

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52
Q

zonation meaning

A

distribution of species into different zones. there are unique or different communities at each zone

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53
Q

ecotone

A

boundary created by sharp changes in environmentally conditions over a relatively short distance, accompanied by a major change in the composition.

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54
Q

`interdependent communities

A

communities in which species abundances are positively linked

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55
Q

independent communities

A

communities in which species abundances are not positively linked

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56
Q

interdependence

A

removing a species should cause other species to decline in abundance

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57
Q

independence

A

removing a species should cause negligible or positive changes in abundance of other species

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58
Q

assuming a model of species independence, which ecological relationships are not possible
1. competition
2. predation
3. mutualism

A. 1 and 2
B. 1 and 3
C. 2 and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3

A

C. 2 and 3

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59
Q

species richness meaning

A

number of species in a community

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60
Q

relative abundance

A

proportion of individuals in a community represented by each species

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61
Q

rank-abundance curves

A

curve that plots relative abundance of each species in rank order from most abundant to least abundant

62
Q

species evenness

A

measure the different in relative abundance of species

63
Q

effect of resources on diversity

A

experiments that manipulate productivity by adding nutrients to an ecosystem commonly cause a decline in the species richness of producers.

64
Q

effect of habitat diversity

A

communities with a higher diversity of habitats should offer more potential niches and a higher diversity of species

65
Q

keystone species

A

species whose presence substantially affects the abundance of other species in the community

66
Q

ecosystem engineers

A

keystones species that affect communities by influencing the structure of a habitat

67
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

low disturbance: slow growth, competitive, dominant
high disturbance: specialist on disturbance dominant

68
Q

food chain

A

a series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food

69
Q

food web

A

consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem

70
Q

what is a guild

A

within a level, species that feeds on similar items

71
Q

direct effect meaning

A

interaction between two species that does not involve other species

72
Q

indirect effect meaning

A

interaction between two species that involves one or more intermediate species

73
Q

trophic cascade meaning

A

indirect effects in a community by:
a predator (top-down cascade_
a producer (bottom-up cascade)

74
Q

density-mediated indirect effect

A

indirect effect caused by changes in density of an intermediate species

75
Q

trait-mediated indirect effect

A

indirect effect caused by changes in traits of an intermediate species

76
Q

bottom-up control

A

abundances of trophic groups determined by the amount of energy available from producers

77
Q

top-down control

A

abundances of trophic groups determined by the existence of predators at the top of the food web

78
Q

succession meanin

A

species composition of a community changes over time

79
Q

pioneer species meaning

A

earliest species to arrive at a site

80
Q

climax community (metastable)

A

“final” seral stage in succession

81
Q

observing succession

A

direct observation of changes over time is the clearest way to record succession in a community

82
Q

chronosequence meaning

A

a sequence of communities that exist over time at a given location

83
Q

primary succession

A

the development of communities in habitats that are initially devoid of plants and organic soil, such as dunes, lava flow, and bare rock

84
Q

secondary succession

A

development of communities in disturbed habitats that contain no plants but still contain organic soil

85
Q

glacier retreat often leads to ______ succession and wildfire lead to _____ succession
A. primary; primary
B. primary; secondary
C. secondary; primary
D. secondary; secondary

A

B. primary; secondary

86
Q

terrestrial succession meaning

A

sequence of seral stages before a climax community can differ depending on variation in historic abiotic conditions, soil, fertility, and disturbances

87
Q

animal succession meaning

A

changes in the plant community change the habitats available to animals, which causes changes in the animal community

88
Q

succession in intertidal communities meaning

A

can occur rapidly after a disturbance due to the short generation time of dominant species

89
Q

stream succession meaning

A

streams undergo rapid succession because organisms can move downstream from sites less disturbed to sites and recently disturbed

90
Q

lake succession meaning

A

helps us to understand timescale of ecosystem change that effects carbon stage

91
Q

the changes in species diversity

A

during succession, species richness increases rapidly at first, followed by a plateau and a small decline

92
Q

facilitation meaning

A

one species increases the probability that a second species can become established

93
Q

inhibition meaning

A

one species decreases the probability that a second species will become established

94
Q

tolerance meaning

A

species do not alter the environment in ways that either facilitate or inhibit other species

95
Q

priority effect meaning

A

when the arrival of species at a site affects the colonization of other species

96
Q

you can determine which mechanisms drive succession by adding or removing a species. suppose that you add a grass species and a tree species.

under facilitation, subtracting grass _____ the chance tress establish. under inhibition, subtracting grass ____ the chance trees establish.

A. decreases; decreases
B. decreases; increases
C. increases; decreases
D. increases; increases

A

B. decreases; increases

97
Q

what is a transient community

A

a climax community that is not persistent

98
Q

gaps in a climax community

A

small-scale disturbances in an area with a climax community can allow growth of species that are not considered climax species

99
Q

fire-maintained climax community

A

successional stage that persists as the final seral stage due to periodic fires

100
Q

grazer-maintained climax community

A

successional stage that persists as the final seral stage due to intense grazing

101
Q

gross primary productivity (gpp)

A

rate of solar or chemical energy capture and assimilation by producers into chemical bonds in an area

102
Q

net primary productivity (npp)

A

rate of energy assimilation by producers and conversion into producer biomass in an area

103
Q

measuring primary productivity, in aquatic systems

A

measuring CO2 does not provide a good estimate of NPP because CO2 is rapidly converted into bicarbonate ions. O2 change measured instead

104
Q

Remote sensing

A

how productivity across large spatial scales is measured

105
Q

suppose that youre measuring the gross primary product of an aquatic plant. when transferring the plant to your light-dark chamber, you have accidentally moved some plankton along with the plant.

You perform the day/night measurements to determine NPP and respiration rate of the plant . which kind of plankton in the chamber will most skew your calculation of GPP?

A. zooplankton
B. phytoplankton
C. both
D. neither

A

B. phytoplankton

106
Q

egested energy

A

consumed energy that is excreted or regurgitated

107
Q

assimilated energy

A

energy consumers digest and absorb

108
Q

respired energy

A

assimilated energy a consumer uses for respiration

109
Q

net secondary productivity

A

rate of consumer biomass accumulation in a given area

110
Q

productivity in terrestrial ecosystems

A

nutrients- particularly nitrogen and phosphorus- can strongly affect NPP in terrestrial ecosystems

111
Q

aquatic ecosystems are limited by ______ in addition to temperature, precipitation, and nutrients

A

light

112
Q

what can limit NPP of aquatic ecosystems

A

nitrogen and phosphorus

113
Q

what elements limit productivity in the ocean

A

silicon and iron

114
Q

trophic pyramid meaning

A

a chart composed of stacked rectangles representing the rate of energy transfer amount of biomass in each trophic group

115
Q

consumption efficiency meaning

A

the percentage of energy or biomass in a trophic level is consumed by the next higher trophic level

116
Q

assimilation efficiency

A

the percentage of consumed energy that is assimilated

117
Q

net production efficiency

A

the percentage of assimilated energy that is used for growth and reproduction; the percentage of assimilated energy that remains after respiration

118
Q

ecological efficiency (food chain efficiency)

A

the percentage of ent production from one trophic level compared to the next lower trophic level

119
Q

do aquatic ecosystems or terrestrial ecosystems have more trophic levels?

A

aquatic ecosystems because of differences in the ecological efficiencies

aquatic (often five)
terrestrial (three to four)

120
Q

energy residence time

A

the length of time that energy spends in a given trophic level

121
Q

biomass residence time

A

the length of time that biomass spends in a given trophic level

122
Q

how else can energy and biomass times be used

A

can be calculated for dead organic matter consumed by scavengers, detritivores, and decomposers.

123
Q

ecological stoichiometry

A

the study of the balance of nutrients in ecological interactions, such as between an herbivore and a plant

124
Q

landscape ecology meaning

A

the field that considers the spatial arrangement of habitats at different scales and examines how they influence individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

125
Q

legacy effects meaning

A

long-lasting influence of historical processes on the current ecology of an area

126
Q

effects of fragment size

A

more fragments = decreased fragment size = lower species richness

127
Q

equilibrium theory of island biogeography

A

number of species on an island reflects a balance between the colonization of new species and the extinction of existing species. rate of colonization balanced by rule of extinction

128
Q

where is total species richness the highest and lowest?

A

highest near the tropics and declines toward the poles

129
Q

oceans have ______ species richness at lower latitudes

A

increased

130
Q

at any given latitude, there are _____ species where there is greater ecological heterogeneity

A

more

131
Q

energy diversity hypothesis

A

sites with higher amounts of energy are able to support more species and higher abundances of individual species

132
Q

potential evapotranspiration (PET)

A

amount of water that could be evaporated from the soil and transpired by plants given the average temperature and humidity

133
Q

continental drift

A

movement of landmasses across earths surface

134
Q

pangaea

A

single landmass that existed on earth about 250 mya

135
Q

laurasia

A

northern landmass that separated from pangaea about 150 mya

136
Q

gondwana

A

southern landmass that separated from pangaea

137
Q

instrumental value of biodiversity

A

the economic value a species can provide

138
Q

intrinsic value of biodiversity

A

the inherent value of a species, not tied to any economic benefit

139
Q

ecosystem services

A

ecological characteristics, functions, or processes that directly or indirectly contribute to human wellbeing

140
Q

provisioning services

A

ecosystem services that produce food, timber, fibre, etc

141
Q

regulating services

A

flood control, storm protection, water regulation, human disease regulation, water purification, air quality maintenance, pollination, pest control, and climate control

142
Q

cultural services

A

recreating, aesthetic, scientific, cultural identity, sense of place, or other ‘cultural’ beliefs

143
Q

supporting services

A

basic ecosystem processes such as soil fermentation, primary productivity, nutrient cycling and the existence of habitat

144
Q

mass extinction

A

significant increase in extinction rate relative to speciation rate.
climate change, volcanism, asteroid impacts are to blame

145
Q

how have humans impacted extinction

A

rapidly accelerated extinction rates since the industrial revolution. potential “sixth” mass extinction

146
Q

International union for conservation of nature categories to describe extinction risk:

A

extinct
extinct in the wild
threatened

147
Q

what happens if there is a decline in genetic diversity

A

it reduces the probability that a population is able to survive changing conditions

148
Q

what is the largest cause of declining biodiversity

A

destruction and degradation of habitat

149
Q

biotic homogenization

A

the process by which unique species compositions originally found in different regions slowly become more similar due to the movement of people, cargo, and species

150
Q

biomagnification

A

process by which the concentration of a containment increases as it moves up the food chain

151
Q

what has happened due to global warming

A

reduction in ice mass in the arctic and antarctica

152
Q

where is global warming the highest

A

global warming will be the highest at the poles and heterogenous elsewhere

BIO 325 (1 decks)

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