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McNutt HIS 101 > Final Exam Fall 2019 > Flashcards

Final Exam Fall 2019 Flashcards

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1
Q

What three vices were Christians accused of by the Romans?

A

incest
cannibalism
atheism

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2
Q

Who was Tacitus?

A

Roman historian

Wrote first non-Biblical account of Christianity and Jesus.

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3
Q

What was the Edict of Milan? Who issued it?

A

Made Christianity a legal religion in the Roman Empire. It was issued by Constantine.

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4
Q

Who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire?

A

Emperor Theodosius

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5
Q

In what four books of the New Testament is the life of Jesus presented?

A 
The Gospels: 
 Matthew 
Mark 
Luke
 John
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6
Q

What term used to describe three of the Gospels means “same view” and which three books are these?

A

Synoptic Gospels:
Matthew
Mark
Luke

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7
Q

Which two Gospels speak of Jesus’s birth?

A

Luke and Matthew

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8
Q

Which Gospel actually has a second volume and what is that book called?

A

Luke has a second volume called Acts of the Apostles.

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9
Q

How many books are in the New Testament?

A

27

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10
Q

Who wrote most of the books of the New Testament?

A

Paul

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11
Q

What did Paul do before he became a Christian?

A

He persecuted many early Christians.

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12
Q

How did Paul become become converted to Christianity?

A

He received a revelation while travelling to the city of Damascus.

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13
Q

Paul wrote several books of letters to early Christians. Name two of them.

A 
Romans
Galatians
Thessalonians
Philippians
Corinthians
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14
Q

Who confronted the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the issue of investiture of Bishops?

A

Pope Gregory VII

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15
Q

Who founded the great Merovingian dynasty?

A

Clovis

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16
Q

Who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours/Poitier in 732?

A

Charles Martel

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17
Q

What emperor issued an edict that proclaimed that all religions were equal in the Roman Empire in 362?

A

Julian the Apostate

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18
Q

Where did the conversion of Constantine take place?

A

He had a vision just before the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 CE.

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19
Q

Which church father is connected to translating portions of the Bible?

A

Jerome

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20
Q

Who appeared to Paul when he was on the road to Damascus?

A

Jesus

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21
Q

What was Charles Martel known for?

A

He defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours/Poitiers in 732.

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22
Q

What was Diocletian known for?

A

Persecution of Christians.

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23
Q

Who wrote “City of God”?

A

St. Augustine

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24
Q

What was an important idea discussed at the Council of Nicaea?

A

The Divinity of Jesus

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25
Q

What should you remember about Gregory VII?

A

He was the pope who confronted the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the issue of investiture of Bishops?

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26
Q

What early historian first wrote about Jesus?

A

Tacitus

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27
Q

Who was Chrysostom?

A

4th century bishop in Constantinople who wrote anti-semitic sermons.

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28
Q

What was another name for Julian.

A

The apostate.

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29
Q

What is Jerome known for?

A

He translated portions of the Bible.

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30
Q

Who wrote the letter to Romans in the Bible?

A

Paul

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31
Q

Who is sometimes referred to as the first Holy Roman Emperor?

A

Charlemagne

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32
Q

List the 4 forms of Judaism at the time of Jesus?

A

Pharisees
Essenes
Sadducees
Zealots

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33
Q

What is a key attribute of the Pharisees?

A

They believed in strict observance of the traditional and written law, and believed they were superior to others because of this.

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34
Q

What is a key attribute of the Essenes?

A

They were a separatist group who thought the Temple priesthood was corrupt. They thought an apocalypse was coming and they are associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls.

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35
Q

What is a key attribute of the Sadducees?

A

They denied the resurrection of the dead and emphasized a literal interpretation of the written Law alone.

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36
Q

What is a key attribute of the Zealots?

A

They wanted a Jewish government to rule and they resisted the Romans.

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37
Q

Who was the emperor who battled Ambrose?

A

Theodosius

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38
Q

Who was an early founder of Monasticism?

A

Antony

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39
Q

Who is well known for writing many rules for monastic life?

A

Benedict

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40
Q

Who argued that priests must be pure and holy for sacraments to be effective?

A

Donatus

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41
Q

Who was Tertullian?

A

An early church fathers and Christian apologist.

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42
Q

When and where was Muhammad born?

A

Mecca 570 AD

43
Q

Who did he marry and in what year?

A

Married Khadija, a respected widow, in the year 595.

44
Q

What happened to Muhammad in the year 610?

A

While on a mountain retreat, the angel Gabriel appeared to him and told him he was to be the messenger and prophet of Allah.

45
Q

What is Al-Islam?

A

Peaceful submission to Allah’s will. It was what Muhammad was called to preach.

46
Q

In what year did Muhammad flee his home city of Mecca?

A

622

47
Q

Where did Muhammad go when he left Mecca?

A

Medina

48
Q

What was Muhammad’s journey to Mecca called?

A

The Hijrah or Pilgrimage

49
Q

The Hijrah (Pilgrimage) is so important it marks what?

A

The beginning of the Muslim Calendar.

50
Q

In 630 Muhammad did what?

A

Returned to Mecca.

51
Q

What is the holy shrine at Mecca called?

A

The Ka’bah.

52
Q

When did Muhammad die?

A

632

53
Q

Rank the top three holiest cities in Islam and tell what they are noted for.

A
  1. Mecca–birthplace of Muhammad and the location of the Ka’bah.
  2. Medina–location of Muhammad’s pilgrimage and the first mosque
  3. Jerusalem – location of the Dome of the Rock
54
Q

What is a “rightly guided caliph”?

A

The first four successors of Muhammad, they all knew him while he was alive.

55
Q

List the 4 rightly guided caliphs in order….

A
  1. Abu Bakr
  2. Umar
  3. Uthman
  4. Ali
56
Q

Which city do Muslim pilgrims visit?

A

Mecca

57
Q

What is the Shahada?

A

One of the five pillars of Islam

Confession: There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet.

58
Q

What is the name of the Muslim holy book?

A

Qu’ran

59
Q

What does Caliph mean?

A

Successor

60
Q

What are the years of Muhammad’s life?

A

570-632

61
Q

Can you name all of the 5 Pillars of Islam?

A
  1. Shahada (Confession)
  2. Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca (Salat)
  3. Giving alms to the poor (Zakat)
  4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan (Sawm)
  5. Pilgrimage to Mecca once during your life if you can (Hajj)
62
Q

There are two important sects in Islam. Which is the minority?

A

Shi’ite

63
Q

The traditions concerning Muhammad’s life are contained in this work.

A

Sunnah

64
Q

What is the Muslim holy book?

A

Qur’an

65
Q

What did Muhammad do before he was a prophet of Islam?

A

He was a successful business man and community leader.

66
Q

What event marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar?

A

Muhammad’s pilgrimage from Mecca to Medina in 622.

67
Q

The Qur’an was divided into chapters called what?

A

Surahs

68
Q

When was the Qur’an compiled?

A

Caliph Abu Bakr gathered together all known pieces of the Qu’ran.

69
Q

Which Muslim sect are followers of Ali?

A

Shi’ite

70
Q

What does Islam mean in Arabic?

A

Submission to the will of God?

71
Q

Which caliph preserved Christian holy sites after Jerusalem was conquered?

A

Umar

72
Q

What is the meaning of the word caliph?

A

Successor

73
Q

Who appeared to Muhammad in the cave?

A

The Angel Gabriel

74
Q

Did Muhammad make a pilgrimage?

A

Yes

75
Q

What is the Arabic word for pilgrimage?

A

Hajj

76
Q

How is the word Jihad translated?

A

Holy Endeavor

77
Q

Translate the word Sunna.

A

Tradition

78
Q

Translate the word Islam

A

Submission

79
Q

What does Allah translate to?

A

God

80
Q

What is important about July 1099?

A

Siege of Jerusalem took place from June 7 to July 15, 1099, during the First Crusade. On the 15th, the Crusaders took Jerusalem from the Fatimid Caliphate.

81
Q

Who was Urban II?

A

Pope Urban II launched the Crusades, calling on all Christians in Europe … Urban died in 1099, two weeks after the fall of Jerusalem but before he learned of the victory of the Muslims there.

82
Q

Who was Saladin?

A

Leader of Muslim tribes during the period of the Crusades.
In 1187, Saladin bought his massive army to the gates of Jerusalem and at the battle of Hattin, his army destroyed the Christian army enabling him to retake the city.

83
Q

Who was Ibn-al-athir?

A

Muslim historian. Wrote THE COMPLETE HISTORY.

His portrayal of the beginning of the crusades is especially informative of the Muslim perspective.

84
Q

What is William of Tyre known for?

A

He was a medieval churchman and historian, considered the greatest chronicler of the crusades.

85
Q

What were the Hospitallers?

A

Their full name was The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem.
After the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, they became a military religious order with their own papal charter, charged with the care and defense of the Holy Land.

86
Q

What were the Knights Templars?

A

Catholic military order founded in 1119. One of their roles was to protect Christian pilgrims. Participated in the 2nd Crusade.

87
Q

Who was Nur ed-Din?

A

Ruler of Syria. He united Muslim forces in Syria to resist the Christians of the Crusades. Helped defeat the Crusaders at Damascus. The defeat of the Crusaders at Damascus meant there was no longer any realistic prospect of expansion so the Christians were confined to small states surrounded by larger and more powerful Muslim enemies.

88
Q

What was important about Louis VII?

A

French king–one of the leaders of the 2nd Crusade. Led Crusaders at Damascus where they were defeated with the aid of Nur ed-Din.

89
Q

Who were the Franks?

A

In the Middle Ages, Franks was a term used to describe Western Europeans who were all allied with the Catholic Church and with each other during the Crusades.

90
Q

Who were the Seljuk Turks?

A

The Seljuk Turks were Muslims who conquered parts of the Byzantine Empire.
They also aggressively defended the Muslim world from the Crusaders from the West.

91
Q

What three agendas did the Crusades satisfy?

A
  1. religious – stop spread of Islam
  2. strengthen the authority of the Church
  3. taking of Jerusalem
92
Q

What is important about Constantinople?

A

It was the center of the Eastern Christian Church.

It was under threat from the Muslims.

93
Q

Why was the Battle of Dorylaeum important?

A

The first Battle of Dorylaeum was in 1097 and was the first battle of the Crusades that was won by the Crusaders.

94
Q

Who was Reginald de Chatillon?

A

He was one of the leading military figures of the Crusades between 1147 and 1187.
His reckless policy in raiding Muslim caravans during periods of truce led to the virtual destruction of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem and the loss of most of its territory to the Muslims.

95
Q

What is the Horns of Hattin?

A

Location of a decisive Crusader battle in 1187 (2nd Crusade) when Saladin’s forces defeated the Crusader army. Saladin captured many Crusaders and executed the Knights Templar and the Hospitallers.

96
Q

What happened in October 1187?

A

The Siege of Jerusalem lasted from September 20 to October 2, 1187, when Crusaders surrendered the city to Saladin.

97
Q

Who was Frederick Barbarossa?

A

He was the Holy Roman Emperor who challenged the Pope’s authority in Germany.
He had been an ally of Saladin but broke that tie when he led the Third Crusade.
He drowned while fighting during that Crusade.

98
Q

Who was Richard I?

A

He was RIchard the Lionheart, an English king.
He was one of the leaders of the 3rd Crusade and fought Saladin.
The Massacre of Ayyadieh occurred during the Third Crusade after the fall of Acre when Richard had more than two thousand Muslim prisoners of war from the captured city killed in front of the armies of Saladin on 20 August 1191

99
Q

What happened at Acre?

A

Site of battle between Richard the Lionheart and the forces of Saladin. When Acre fell, RIchard had thousands of Muslim prisoners executed in front of Saladin’s armies on Aug. 20 1191.

100
Q

What is Greek fire?

A

Also called sticky fire.
It was a combination of chemicals including something sticky.
It could be shot with flame throwers at ships in the water. It would catch fire when it hit the water and float.
It was used against Muslim invaders to protect Constantinople and there are reports of it being used during the Crusades.

101
Q

Can you describe 3 results of the Crusades?

A
  1. Very little change in territories when they were finally over.
  2. Mediterranean trade was opened up Western Europe more.
  3. Killing in God’s name was justified in the Christian West. This included violent anti-semitism.
102
Q

On the first page of the book “7 Myths of the Crusades”, what does the author say is a commonly held false idea about why Muslims and Christians have not gotten along?

A

The idea is that a historically peaceful Islamic world was only provoked to conflict with the West as a result of Western Christian aggression and that this aggression began with the First Crusade.

103
Q

What were the dates of the first crusade?

A

1096-1099

104
Q

What were 3 causes of the Crusades?

A
  1. Religious–defend the Christian faith, strengthen the role of the Pope
  2. Political–Protect the Eastern borders of the Byzantine Empire
  3. Economic–open up trading centers controlled by the Muslims

McNutt HIS 101 (1 decks)

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