Final Exam / Exam 4 Flashcards
aggression
behavior meant to physically or mentally harm another person
hostile aggression
motivated by anger, hostility
instrumental aggression
other motives
situational influences of aggression
- heat
- media (video games, movies…)
- social rejection
heat and aggression
- heat → physiological arousal
- angering situation
- misattribution of arousal
media and aggression
most has to do with priming and accessibility; with aggressive or violent content being primed into an angering interaction, they can think or act more violently than they would if it was not for the priming.
meta-analysis of aggression
- physiological arousal
- aggressive thoughts
- aggressive emotions
- aggressive behavior
- reduced prosocial behavior
social rejection and aggression
- social pain reacts similarly to physical pain (remember the Tylenol study?)
- functionalist view = real threat if rejected
- less prosocial behavior is rejected
construal process of aggression
situation → subjective construal →anger → aggression
the weapons effect
presence of weapon(s) → aggression
- only works if one has a negative construal of guns
catharsis myth
idea that acting aggressively reduces aggression; has been disproven
best ways to reduce anger?
- delay
- distract; must be something INCOMPATIBLE with anger
- distancing: 3rd person language/perspective
how does culture affect aggression?
- cultures vary in level and type of aggression (southern vs northern, women vs men)
- aggression can be LEARNED
cultures of honor
men in rural south have more reputational concerns, endorse violence as response to insults, and have more argument related homicides
prosocial behavior
voluntary behavior intended to benefit another
bystander effect
more people → any one person less likely to help
failing to interpret a situation as an emergency =
pluralistic ignorance
failing to take responsibility =
diffusion of responsibility
altruism
purely unselfish behavior
empathy
identifying with another, feel what they feel
selfish motives to altruism
social rewards, reducing personal distress
from an evolutionary perspective, natural selection should favor selfishness. the exception to this is…
kin selection and reciprocal altruism
stereotype
cognition; belief about traits of a group and its members
prejudice
attitude/affect; attitude or feeling towards group and its members, positive or negative
discrimination
behavior; treating someone differently based on their group
old-fashioned racism
on the decline, though is being replaced by new kinds of racism
modern racism
- the rejection of being racist, but holding prejudices
- racist jokes (“it is just a joke!”), justifying for non-racist reasons, belief that racism is over
benevolent racism
- seems positive on surface; actually harmful
- limits opportunities, used to deny prejudice, react negatively when stereotypes are not met
how do you measure prejudice?
- direct measures: self-report; cheap, easy but not most accurate
- implicit measures: indirect measures; assess reactions that occur automatically, but may not be aware of
social-cognitive approach to stereotyping
- categorization & stereotypes (schemas) conserve mental resources
- normal cognitive processes → stereotypes
- outgroup homogeneity bias
- illusory correlations
- confirmation bias
- self-fulfilling prophecies
outgroup homogeneity bias
tendency to perceive more variability in ingroup members
illusory correlations
uncommon things stand out, such as minority groups or negative behaviors; creates paired distinctiveness
confirmation bias
tendency to test proposition by seeking info that supports it
self-fulfilling prophecy
tendency to act in ways that lead others to confirm our expectations of them
