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Pharmacology Final Exam > Final Exam Drug "OIAs" > Flashcards

Final Exam Drug "OIAs" Flashcards

1
Q

Albuterol

A

Class: SABA (short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist
Mechanism: activates B2 receptors in bronchiole smooth muscle to bronchodilate
Diagnosis: Asthma/COPD
ADRs: tremors, tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, hypokalemia, throat irritation, headache, nausea

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2
Q

Amiodarone

A

Class: Antiarrhythmic (Class III)
Mechanism: Blocks potassium channels, prolonging repolarization and action potential duration.
Diagnosis/Uses: Arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation).
ADRs: Pulmonary toxicity, thyroid dysfunction (hypo/hyperthyroidism), corneal deposits, skin discoloration, hepatotoxicity

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3
Q

Aspirin

A

Class: Anti-platelet
Mechanism: inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes leading to decreased thromboxane-A2 = reduced platelet aggregation
Diagnosis/Uses: prevention of cardiovascular events, analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory, revascularization
ADRs: GI bleeds, Ulcers, allergic reaction, tinnitus, asthma exacerbation

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4
Q

Atenolol

A

Class: Beta-1 Adrenergic Antagonist (selective beta-blocker)
Mechanism: inhibits beta-1 adrenergic receptors in heart = reduced HR, contractility, reduced BP
Diagnosis/Uses: HTN, angina, post-MI
ADRs: fatigue, dizziness, bradycardia (heart blocks), hypotension

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5
Q

Ativan

A

Class: Benzodiazepine
Mechanism: Enhances GABA activity at GABA-A receptors = sedative and anxiolytic effects.
Diagnosis/Uses: Anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal.
ADRs: Sedation, dizziness, dependence, respiratory depression.

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6
Q

Atorvastatin

A

Class: Statin
Mechanism: inhibits HMG-CoA reductase = reduced cholesterol synthesis
Diagnosis/Uses: Dyslipidemia, cardiovascular risk reduction
ADRs: myalgia, elevated liver enzymes, GI (nausea/diarrhea), headache, Rhabdomyolysis

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7
Q

Baclofen

A

Class: Muscle Relaxant
Mechanism: Activates GABA-B receptors, inhibiting excitatory neurotransmission.
Diagnosis/Uses: Spasticity (e.g., multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury).
ADRs: Drowsiness, weakness, dizziness, hypotonia.

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8
Q

Bo-tox

A

Class: Neuromuscular Blocker
Mechanism: Blocks acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction.
Diagnosis/Uses: Muscle spasticity, chronic migraine, cosmetic use, hyperhidrosis.
ADRs: Muscle weakness, injection site reactions, difficulty swallowing/breathing (rare)

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9
Q

Bupropion

A

class: non-stimulant - antidepressant
indication: depression, smoking cessation
side effects: insomnia, dry mouth, seizures, decreased appetite
DI: avoid with MAO inhibitors and seizure-prone patients

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10
Q

Capsaicin

A

class: topical analgesic
MOA: depletes substance P from sensory nerve endings
ADRs: burning sensation at application site

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11
Q

Captopril

A

Class: ACE Inhibitor
Mechanism: Inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme, decreasing angiotensin II and aldosterone = reduced blood pressure.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy.
ADRs: Cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema, hypotension.

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12
Q

Carisoprodol

A

Class: Muscle Relaxant
Mechanism: Depresses polysynaptic neuronal transmission in the spinal cord.
Diagnosis/Uses: Muscle spasms.
ADRs: Drowsiness, dizziness, dependence.

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13
Q

chlorpheniramine

A

class: first gen antihistamine
MOA: blocks H1 histamine receptors
ADRs: sedation, dizziness

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14
Q

clonidine

A

Class: Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist
Mechanism: Stimulates α2 adrenergic receptors in the CNS = reduced sympathetic outflow = decreased heart rate and blood pressure
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, ADHD, opioid withdrawal syndrome
ADRs: Drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, rebound hypertension upon abrupt withdrawal, sedation

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15
Q

Clopidogrel

A

Class: Antiplatelet agent
Mechanism: Irreversibly inhibits the P2Y12 receptor on platelets = preventing platelet activation and aggregation = reduced risk of thrombus formation
Diagnosis/Uses: Acute coronary syndrome, prevention of thrombotic events in PCI, ischemic stroke, peripheral artery disease
ADRs: Bleeding, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash

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16
Q

Codeine

A

class: weak opioid agonist, antitussive
MOA: converted to morphine via CPY2D6
ADRs: sedation, respiratory depression, constipation

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17
Q

Cyclobenzaprine

A

Class: Muscle Relaxant
Mechanism: Reduces tonic somatic motor activity in the central nervous system.
Diagnosis/Uses: Muscle spasms.
ADRs: Drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness.

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18
Q

Dantrolene

A

Class: Muscle Relaxant
Mechanism: Inhibits calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle.
Diagnosis/Uses: Malignant hyperthermia, spasticity.
ADRs: Hepatotoxicity, drowsiness, muscle weakness.

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19
Q

Dextroamphetamine

A

class: stimulant
indication: ADHD, narcolepsy
side effects: restlessness, insomnia, elevated HR
DI: avoid with MAO inhibitors, can interact with SSRIs

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20
Q

Diazepam

A

Class: Benzodiazepine
Mechanism: Enhances GABA activity at GABA-A receptors.
Diagnosis/Uses: Anxiety, muscle spasms, seizures, alcohol withdrawal.
ADRs: Sedation, dependence, dizziness, respiratory depression

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21
Q

Dilitizem

A

Class: Calcium Channel Blocker (Non-DHP)
Mechanism: Inhibits calcium entry into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle, reducing heart rate and vascular resistance.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias (e.g., atrial fibrillation).
ADRs: Bradycardia, hypotension, edema.

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22
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

class: first gen antihistamine
MOA: blocks H1 receptors
ADRs: sedation, dry mouth

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23
Q

Donepizil

A

Class: Acetylcholinesterase (ACE) Inhibitor
Mechanism: Inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine, increasing its levels in the brain.
Diagnosis/Uses: Alzheimer’s disease.
ADRs: Nausea, diarrhea, insomnia, muscle cramps.

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24
Q

doxazosin

A

Class: Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker
Mechanism: Blocks alpha-1 receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.
ADRs: Dizziness, headache, orthostatic hypotension.

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25
Dronabinol
class: cannabinoids indication: chemo-induced nausea, AIDS-related anorexia MOA: synthetic form of THC, activating cannabinoid receptors in CNS to suppress vomiting center and increase appetite side effects: drowsiness, euphoria, confusion DI: avoid CNS depressants, increased risk of sedation
26
Echinacea
use: immune system support for cold, URIs efficacy: possibly effective for common cold, no evidence to support ADRs: GI upset, rash, allergic reactions (ragweed allergy)
27
Escitalopram
Class: SSRI Mechanism: Inhibits serotonin reuptake, increasing serotonin levels in the brain. Diagnosis/Uses: Depression, anxiety. ADRs: Nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction.
28
Fenofibrate
Class: Fibrate Mechanism: Activates PPAR-alpha, increasing lipolysis and elimination of triglyceride-rich particles. Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertriglyceridemia, mixed dyslipidemia. ADRs: Myopathy, elevated liver enzymes, abdominal pain.
29
Fentanyl
class: strong opioid agonist MOA: binds to mu-opioid receptors ADRs: respiratory depression, bradycadia
30
Fleet enema
indication: constipation relief MOA: saline side effects: abdominal cramping, rectal irritation DI: caution with other laxatives
31
formoterol
class: long acting beta-2 agonis (LABA) MOA: stimulates beta-2 adrenergic receptors for prolonged bronchodilation ADRs: tremor, headache
32
Furosemide
Class: Loop Diuretic Mechanism: Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter in the loop of Henle, increasing urine output. Diagnosis/Uses: Edema, hypertension, heart failure. ADRs: Hypokalemia, dehydration, hypotension.
33
Gabapentin
class: anticonvulsant MOA: modulates calcium channels to reduce excitatory neurotransmitters ADRs: drowsiness, ataxia
34
Ginger
use: antiemetic - pregnancy, motion sickness, chemo, surgery *antagonizes serotonin receptors in GI tract efficacy: 1.5gm/day effective for pregnancy, less evidence for motion sickness ADRs: GI upset, heartburn, gas, bloating, increased bleeding risk. DO NOT USE in gallbladder disease
35
Gingko Biloba
use: alzheimer's/dementia/memory improvement, antioxidant, antiplatelet efficacy: possibly effective for increasing cognition.memory in otherwise healthy young/mid-age adults *ineffective for age related memory loss + inconsistent results for dementia ADRs: increased risk for bleeding, GI upset, headache, allergy, dizziness
36
Glucosamine
NOT recommended by the AAOS or ACR Used for OA and joint health stimulates cartilage/synovial fluid synthesis / inhibits collagen breakdown 4-8 weeks for effect strongest evidence for mild-mod knee OA ADRS: GI upset, hyperglycemia. **caution:shellfish allergy
37
Chondroitin
USED W/ GLUCOSAMINE inhibits degradation ADRs: GI upset, edema, asthma exacerbation DI: **bleeding risk w/ warfarin
38
Glyburide
Class: Sulfonylurea Mechanism: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. Diagnosis/Uses: Type 2 diabetes. ADRs: Hypoglycemia, weight gain, nausea.
39
Guanfacine
class: alpha-2-agonist indication: ADHD, hypertension (off label) side effects: drowsiness, dry mouth, low BP DI: increased sedation with CNS depressants
40
Heparin
Class: Anticoagulant Mechanism: Activates antithrombin III, inhibiting thrombin and factor Xa, preventing clot formation. Diagnosis/Uses: Prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and other thromboembolic disorders. ADRs: Bleeding, thrombocytopenia (HIT - heparin-induced thrombocytopenia), osteoporosis (long-term use).
41
Hydrochlorothiazide
indication: HTN, edema side effects: electrolyte imbalance, dizziness, photosensitivity DI: increased risk of low potassium when combined with digoxin
42
Hydromorphone
class: strong opioid agonist MOA: mu-opioid receptor agonist ADRs: sedation, respiratory depression
43
Insulin
indication: T1 and T2 diabetes Side effects: hypoglycemia, wt gain, lipodystrophy at injection site DI: increased risk of hypoglycemia with other diabetes meds
44
Isosorbide dinitrate
Class: Nitrate Mechanism: Releases nitric oxide, causing vasodilation and reduced preload/afterload. Diagnosis/Uses: Angina, heart failure. ADRs: Headache, hypotension, dizziness.
45
Kava
use: anxiolytic, sleep, anxiety/stress relief can lead to liver damage - use if monitored by PCP DI: increased sedation w/ alcohol or CNS depressants
46
Ketorolac
Class: NSAID Mechanism: Inhibits COX enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis. Diagnosis/Uses: Short-term management of moderate to severe pain. ADRs: GI ulcers, renal toxicity, bleeding risk.
47
Levodopa
Class: Dopamine Precursor Mechanism: Converts to dopamine in the brain. Diagnosis/Uses: Parkinson's disease. ADRs: Dyskinesia, nausea, hypotension.
48
Lidocaine
class: local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic MOA: blocks sodium channel ADRs: local irritation, systemic CNS toxicity at high doses
49
Loratadine
class: second gen antihistamine MOA: selectively blocks peripheral H1 receptors ADRs: headache, fatigue
50
Losartan
Class: ARB (Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker) Mechanism: Blocks angiotensin II receptors, reducing blood pressure. Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, diabetic nephropathy. ADRs: Hyperkalemia, dizziness.
51
melatonin
endogenous substance made in pineal gland use: insomnia, jet lag efficacy: supports use for jet lag (1.5-3mg orally at 11pm local time in destination country, then wean by half hours). insomnia = 0.3-5mg 30min before bed. ADRs: daytime sedation, N/V, HA, tachycardia, irritability, depression, hangover effect AVOID USE WITH: immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, BZDP, antihistamines, antidepressants
52
Metaxolone
Class: Muscle Relaxant Mechanism: Unknown; acts on the central nervous system to relax muscles. Diagnosis/Uses: Muscle spasms. ADRs: Drowsiness, dizziness.
53
Metformin
class: biguanide indication: T2 Diabetes side effects: GI upset, lactic acidosis (rare) DI: caution w/ alcohol (increased lactic acidosis risk)
54
Methadone
class: strong opioid agonist MOA: Agonist at all opioid receptors, NMDA antagonist, inhibits serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake ADRs: QT prolongation, respiratory depression
55
Methocarbamol
Class: Muscle Relaxant Mechanism: Exact mechanism unknown; thought to depress CNS activity, leading to muscle relaxation. Diagnosis/Uses: Muscle spasms. ADRs: Drowsiness, dizziness, nausea.
56
Metoclopramide
class: prokinetic indication: GERD, diabetic gastroparesis MOA: Enhances gastrointestinal motility by antagonizing dopamine D2 receptors and agonizing 5-HT4 receptors side effects: drowsiness, tardic dyskinesia, restlessness DI: increased risk of extrapyramidal symptoms with antipsychotics
57
Metoprolol
Class: Beta-Blocker (Selective Beta-1 Adrenergic Antagonist) Mechanism: Selectively blocks β1 adrenergic receptors in the heart = decreased heart rate and contractility = lowered blood pressure and myocardial oxygen demand. Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias. ADRs: Fatigue, dizziness, bradycardia, hypotension, depression.
58
Morphine
class: strong opioid agonist MOA: Activates mu-opioid receptors ADRs: Sedation, constipation, respiratory depression
59
Naloxone
class: opioid antagonist MOA: Competitively binds opioid receptors to reverse opioid effects ADRs: Withdrawal symptoms in opioid-dependent patients
60
naltrexone
Class: Opioid Antagonist Mechanism: Blocks opioid receptors, preventing opioid effects. Diagnosis/Uses: Opioid and alcohol dependence. ADRs: Nausea, headache, liver toxicity.
61
Omeprazole
Class: Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) Mechanism: Inhibits H+/K+-ATPase in gastric parietal cells, reducing stomach acid production. Diagnosis/Uses: GERD, peptic ulcer disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. ADRs: Headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, risk of osteoporosis with long-term use.
62
Ondansetron/Zofran
Indication: Nausea and vomiting prevention (postoperative, chemotherapy). MOA: Selective antagonist of serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in the CNS' chemoreceptor trigger zone + gastrointestinal tract, inhibiting the initiation of the vomiting reflex. Side effects: Headache, constipation, QT prolongation. Drug interactions: Increased QT prolongation risk with other medications affecting heart rhythm (e.g., amiodarone).
63
Ormoterol
Class: LABA (Long-Acting Beta-2 Agonist) Mechanism: Activates beta-2 receptors for prolonged bronchodilation. Diagnosis/Uses: Asthma, COPD. ADRs: Tachycardia, tremor.
64
Oxybutynin
Class: Anticholinergic Mechanism: Inhibits muscarinic receptors in the bladder, reducing spasms. Diagnosis/Uses: Overactive bladder. ADRs: Dry mouth, constipation.
65
Oxycodone
class: strong opioid agonist MOA: Activates mu-opioid receptors ADRs: constipation, respiratory depresssion
66
Phenylephrine
Class: Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonist Mechanism: Causes vasoconstriction, reducing nasal congestion. Diagnosis/Uses: Nasal decongestion, hypotension. ADRs: Hypertension, rebound congestion.
67
Pioglitazone
Class: Thiazolidinedione Mechanism: Activates PPAR-gamma, improving insulin sensitivity. Diagnosis/Uses: Type 2 diabetes. ADRs: Weight gain, edema, heart failure risk.
68
prednisone
class: corticosteroid MOA: Inhibits cytokine and prostaglandin production ADRs: weight gain, hyperglycemia
69
Pregabalin
class: anticonvulsant MOA: Binds to calcium channels, reducing excitatory neurotransmitter release ADRs: drowsiness, peripheral edema
70
Rivaroxaban
Class: Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC) Mechanism: Inhibits factor Xa, preventing thrombin formation and clotting. Diagnosis/Uses: DVT/PE treatment and prevention, atrial fibrillation. ADRs: Bleeding, gastrointestinal upset, liver enzyme elevations.
71
Ropinirole
Class: Dopamine Agonist Mechanism: Stimulates dopamine D2 receptors in the brain, mimicking dopamine activity. Diagnosis/Uses: Parkinson's disease, restless legs syndrome (RLS). ADRs: Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, somnolence, hallucinations, orthostatic hypotension, impulse control disorders (e.g., gambling, hypersexuality).
72
Rosuvastatin
Class: Statin Mechanism: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis. Diagnosis/Uses: Dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease prevention. ADRs: Myopathy, liver enzyme elevations, gastrointestinal issues.
73
salmeterol
class: long acting beta-2 agonis (LABA) MOA: stimulates beta-2 adrenergic receptors for prolonged bronchodilation ADRs: tachycadia, risk of asthma related death when used alone
74
Scopolamine
Class: Anticholinergic Mechanism: Blocks acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, preventing motion sickness. Diagnosis/Uses: Motion sickness, postoperative nausea. ADRs: Dry mouth, drowsiness, blurred vision.
75
Simvastatin
Class: Statin Mechanism: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, lowering cholesterol production. Diagnosis/Uses: Dyslipidemia, prevention of cardiovascular disease. ADRs: Myopathy, liver enzyme increases, gastrointestinal issues.
76
Sitagliptin
class: DPP-4 inhibitor indication: T2 diabetes side effects: GI upset, joint pain, pacreatitis (rare) DI: caution w/ insulin (increased hypoglycemia risk)
77
Spironolactone
Class: Potassium-Sparing Diuretic, Aldosterone Antagonist Mechanism: Blocks aldosterone receptors in the distal nephron, increasing sodium and water excretion while conserving potassium. Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, hyperaldosteronism, edema, hirsutism, acne (off-label). ADRs: Hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities, dizziness.
78
TCA Anti-depressants
Class: Tricyclic Antidepressants Mechanism: Inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Diagnosis/Uses: Depression, chronic pain, insomnia. ADRs: Sedation, anticholinergic effects, arrhythmias.
79
Theophylline
class: methylxanthine bronchodilator MOA: Inhibits phosphodiesterase, increasing cAMP ADRs: tachycardia, nausea, seizures
80
Tiotropium
class: long acting anticholinergic (LAMA) MOA: blocks muscarinic receptors, reducing bronchoconstriction ADRs: dry mouth, urinary retention
81
Tizanidine
Class: Muscle Relaxant Mechanism: Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, reducing muscle spasticity. Diagnosis/Uses: Spasticity. ADRs: Drowsiness, dry mouth, hypotension.
82
vancomycin
Indication: MRSA, serious gram-positive infections (orally for c.diff) Side effects: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, red man syndrome (if infused too quickly). Drug interactions: Increased nephrotoxicity with other nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., aminoglycosides)
83
Warfarin
Class: Anticoagulant (Vitamin K Antagonist) Mechanism: Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase = decreases synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X) = reduced coagulation. Diagnosis/Uses: Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders (e.g., DVT, PE), atrial fibrillation. ADRs: Bleeding, bruising, nausea, liver enzyme abnormalities.
84
Whey Protein
use: increase muscle mass, weight loss, dietary supplement efficacy: varying results for muscle mass/weight loss but good dietary protein ADRs: rare, effects of longterm use unknown

Pharmacology Final Exam (3 decks)

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