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Anatomy Practicals > Final Exam Diseases > Flashcards

Final Exam Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes Type 1

A

Cause: Unknown cause, autoimmune
Symptoms: Increased urination, weight loss, hyperglycemia
Treatment: Insulin administration

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2
Q

Diabetes Type II

A

Cause: Partially genetic and lifestyle, decreased insulin sensitivity
Symptoms: Increased urination, thirst, blood urination, hyperglycemia
Treatment: Diet and lifestyle changes, insulin administration

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3
Q

Gigantism

A

Cause: Pituitary tumor
Symptoms: GH release before epiphyseal plate closure in bones, large stature
Treatment: Removal of tumor

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4
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency
Cause: Genetic defect in zona glomerulosa, fails to produce mineralcorticoids
Symptoms: salt wasting diseases, high frequency of urination, high K+, low BP
Treatment: Administration of missing hormones (cortisol, aldosterone)

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5
Q

Dwarfism

A

Cause: GH insufficiency (caused by head trauma, pituitary tumor)
Symptoms: Short stature, late onset puberty/not at all
Treatment: GH administration

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6
Q

Acromegaly

A

Cause: Pituitary tumor after epiphyseal plate closure
Symptoms: Exaggerated growth of hands, tongue, jaw bone, tongue and organs (leading to organ failure)
Treatment: removal of tumor

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7
Q

Hashimoto’s Disease

A

Cause: antibodies in thyroid gland attacking the thyroid gland
Symptoms: Decrease of thyroxine, increase in TSH, weight gain, decreased BMR
Treatment: Thyroxine administration

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8
Q

Graves’ Disease

A

Cause: antibodies attack TSH receptors, increase in thyroxine production
Symptoms: Bulging eyes, goiter, sweating, irritability
Treatment: radioactive iodine therapy

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9
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

Cause: Suprarenal tumor producing excess cortisol or pituitary producing ACTH
Symptoms: Central obesity with limb sparing, poor immune hump, “moon face”
Treatment: remove tumor

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10
Q

Cretinism

A

Cause: Lack of thyroxine during development (lack of iodine in diet)
Symptoms: Short stature, mental development delays
Treatment: Replace of iodine in diet

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11
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Cause: TSH secreting pituitary tumor
Symptoms: increased metabolism, weight loss, goiter, sensitive to heat
Treatment: radioactive iodine

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12
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Cause: Lack of iodine in the diet in adulthood
Symptoms: Decreased metabolism, weight gain, goiter
Treatment: Replacement of iodine, thyroxine administration

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13
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Cause: Decreased tissue sensitivity to androgens
Symptoms: Breast development in males
Treatment: Breast reduction surgery

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14
Q

Androgen Insensitivity

A

Cause: Mutation of gene encoding androgen receptor
Symptoms: Develops phenotypically as a female (genetically male)
Treatment: None

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15
Q

Androgential syndrome (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

A

Cause: Mutation in genes that make glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids shunted to androgen production in utero
Symptoms: Adrogenous genitalia in female,
infertility, improper lung development, early masculination in males
Treatments: Replacement therapy for aldosterone and cortisol

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16
Q

Precocious Puberty

A

Cause: Unknown cause, genetic or a result of Androgenital syndrome
Symptoms: Extremely early onset of puberty
Treatment: lifestyle changes, psychological support, no treatment

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17
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Cause: Mutation in gene encoding hemoglobin
Symptom: Sickling of red blood cells, causes extreme pain in periphery, hyperbilirubinemia, shortness of breath
Treatment: Bone marrow transplant

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18
Q

Anemia

A

Cause: massive death of RBCs, lack of coenzymes necessary for RBC maturation
Symptoms: SOB, dizziness, weakness
Treatment: Replace vitamin deficiencies (B12)

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19
Q

Hemophilia

A

Cause: Inability to clot uncontrolled bleeding, due to a deficiency of platelets or inability to make them
Symptoms: uncontrolled bleeding, excessive bruising
Treatment: Replacement of platelets

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20
Q

Leukemia

A

Cause: overproliferation of leukocytes due to cancerous uncontrolled cell cycle
Symptoms: Decreased immune response, increased leukocytes in blood
Treatment: Bone marrow transplant, chemo

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21
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Cause: Genetic/lifestyle
Symptoms: Increased lipids in circulation
Treatments: Lifestyle change

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22
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Cause: Genetic component (increased uptake of iron from diet) and from RBC lysis
Symptoms: increased iron
Treatment: a phlebotomy to remove excess iron

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23
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Cause: Inflammatory response to radical fatty acids in the arteries
Symptoms: More turbulent blood flow through vessels, decreased cross-sectional area of vessels
Treatment: Exercise and proper diet by decreasing LDL and increasing HDL, stenting

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24
Q

Aneurysm

A

Cause: weakening of blood vessels, results in bulging outward from the vessel
Symptoms: generalized pain in region of aneurysm
Treatment: Mesh can be wrapped around to reinforce the vessel

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25
Q

Stroke

A

Cause: Aneurysm, embolism blockage to vessels
Symptoms: loss of consciousness, unilateral weakness of one side, loss of cognitive functioning
Treatment: rapid response can greatly improve outcome

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26
Q

Murmurs

A

Cause: Congential heart valve problems
Symptoms: abnormal heart sounds
Treatment: New valves can be put in through surgery

27
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

Cause: recreational drugs or ectopic pacemaker
Symptoms: “fluttering” of atria due to improper electrical signals through cardiac tissue
Treatment: aspirin or stent

28
Q

Angioplasty

A

Method to replace blocked vessels by removing a vessel from the leg and sticked into place of one of the coronary arteries

29
Q

EKG

A

Measures electrical behavior of the heart (reports rhythm, magnitude and direction of electrical impulses through the heart)

30
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Breakdown of clots and clotting cascade

Used to break down emboli to restore blood flow

31
Q

Blood in Urine

A

Cause: UTIs, kidney infections, kidney stone
Symptoms: pink urine
Treatment: treat underlying condition

32
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Cause: body cannot use sugar properly for energy, excess kestones in blood end up in urine
Symptom: High ketone levels in urine, high blood sugar
Treatment: Insulin therapy

33
Q

Glycosuria

A

Cause: Elevated blood glucose levels caused by diabetes
Symptoms: high levels of glucose in urine
Treatment: No specific treatment, but can be treated with insulin/diabetic medication

34
Q

Proteinemia

A

Cause: high levels of protein in blood
Symptoms: High levels of protein in urine, dehydration
Treatment: ACE inhibitors

35
Q

Polyuria

A

Cause: diabetes, renal failure
Symptom: frequent urination in large volumes
Treatment: Treat with antidiuretics (ADH and aldosterone)

36
Q

Phenylketonurics (PKU)

A

Cause: Genetic disorder where body cannot metabolize amino acid phenylalanine
Symptom: mental retardation, stunted growth, small head size
Treatment: strick diet with limited phenylalanine intake

37
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Cause: Hormonal dysfunction
Symptoms: Loss of menses
Treatment: No cure, but address problem (body fat %)

38
Q

Breast Cancer

A

Cause: Unchecked cell proliferation of breast cells
Symptoms: mass in the breast
Treatment: cancer treatment (chemotherapy)

39
Q

Cervical Cancer

A

Cause: HPV
Symptoms: irregular cell growth of the cervix
Treatment: Cancer treatment

40
Q

Impotence/Erectile dysfunction

A

Cause: Psychological stress/damage to parasympathetic nervous system
Symptoms: Inability to achieve an erection
Treatment: Viagra, or testosterone

41
Q

Prostate Cancer

A

Cause: Unchecked cell proliferation of prostate cells
Symptom: increased frequency of urination with difficulty draining bladder, mass in prostate
Treatment: prostatectomy

42
Q

Vaginitis

A

Cause: bacterial/yeast infection
Symptoms: Inflammation of the vagina
Treatment: Treat the infection

43
Q

Gonnorrhea

A

Cause: bacterial infection by Neisseria gonnorrhea
Symptoms: Discharge, painful urination
Treatment: Antibiotics

44
Q

Syphilis

A

Cause: bacterial infection by Treponema palladum
Symptoms: Ulcers
Treatment: Antibiotics

45
Q

Chlamydia

A

Cause: bacterial infection by chlamydia trachomatics
Symptoms: Painful urination discharge
Treatment: Antibiotics

46
Q

Herpes

A

Cause: herpes virus 1 or 2
Symptoms: Painful pustules in genital area
Treatment: No cure, anti-virals to prevent outbreaks

47
Q

AIDS

A

Cause: Virus infection
Symptoms: WBC count falls below 200/dL, decreased immunity
Treatment: HAART cocktail that inhibits viral proliferation

48
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Cause: fallopian tube malformation that results in insemination outside fallopian tube
Symptoms: severe pain, vaginal bleeding, internal hemorrhaging
Treatment: surgical removal of ectopic fetus

49
Q

Rh Negative Disease

A

Cause: Rh negative mother has Rh+ child, mothers antibodies destroying RBCs
Symptoms: Jaundice, anemia
Treatment: Blood transfusions

50
Q

Group B strep

A

Cause: Group B streptoccous pyogenes infection of newborn
Symptoms: scalded skin appearance
Treatment: antibiotics

51
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

Cause: variations in hormonal regulation in mother results in increasing circulation of levels of glucose/resistance to insulin
Symptoms: Symptomatic during pregnancy
Treatment: Insulin administration with dietary management

52
Q

Preeclampsia

A

Cause: factors secreted by placenta into mother’s systemic circulation
Symptoms: high BP in pregnant women
Treatment: Birth

53
Q

Breach Baby

A

Cause: Baby doesn’t proceed through birth canal in head first manner
Symptom: Crown shows first, but anything else
Treatment: Manipulate baby into more appropriate birthing position

54
Q

Miscarriage

A

Cause: Stress hormones or malnutrition
Symptoms: Can by asymptomatic with abnormally heavy flow, fetus must be passed in more developed pregnancies
Treatment: None

55
Q

Low amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios)

A

Cause: Fetal track abnormalities
Symptom: deficiency of amniotic fluid during pregnancy
Treatment: Maternal hydration

56
Q

Placenta previa

A

Cause: unknown causes
Symptom: Displaced placenta, lethal for mother and child
Treatment: Immediate surgical intervention

57
Q

Cleft palate/cleft lip

A

Cause: Non-fusion of body’s natural structures during gestation
Symptom: failure of fusion of hard palate
Treatment: Surgical intervention to repair malformed facial bones

58
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A

Cause: 4 heart defets that present together (associated with chromosome 22 deletions)
Symptoms: Blue baby disease, low oxygenation of blood
Treatment: surgical repair of malformation, beta blockers

59
Q

Spina bifida

A

Cause: Incomplete closure of the vertebrae
Symptoms: Visible spinal sac protruding out
Treatment: Surgical intervention

60
Q

Anencephaly

A

Cause: Spinal bifida, prevents normal development of brain and skull
Symptom: The bones of the skull are also missing or incompletely formed
Treatment: None, babies die within a couple hours

61
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Cause: Trisomy 21
Symptoms: Impaired mental development, small stature, sunny disposition
Treatment: No treatment

62
Q

Edwards syndrome

A

Cause: Trisomy 18
Symptoms: Myriad of abnormal developmental defects occur (Heart, thoracic, abdominal cavity abnormalities)
Treatment: No treatment

63
Q

Chanchroid

A

Cause: Bacterial infection
Symptoms: Painful sores
Treatment: Antibiotics

64
Q

Trichomaniasis

A

Protozoal infection by trichomanis vaginalis
Symptoms: fishing smelling, green discharge, painful urination
Treatment: Anti-protozoal medications

Anatomy Practicals (4 decks)

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