Final exam definitions

Question 1

Altruism

Answer 1

behaviours that benefit another but may cost the person

Question 2

Kin selection

Answer 2

a person will act to aid persons who share their genes (e.g., other is more likely to act to save her child than her husband; child has more of her genes)

Question 3

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 3

members of a group reciprocate in their altruism so that all members are more likely to survive and pass on their genes

Question 4

Categorical self

Answer 4

the objective “me” seen and evaluated in the world

Question 5

Committed compliance

Answer 5

when a child embraces the caregiver’s agenda and internalizes their instruction

Question 6

Empathy

Answer 6

ability to vicariously experience another’s emotional state - can be observed in infants (cry when hearing another infant cry)

Question 7

Entity model

Answer 7

intelligence is seen as fixed or unchangeable quantity

Question 8

Incremental model

Answer 8

intelligence is believed to be expanded with learning and experience

Question 9

Prosocial behaviours

Answer 9

socially desirable behaviours, include helping, sharing, and conflict resolution
**moral emotions (ex. empathy & sympathy) are the roots of prosocial behaviours

Question 10

Sympathy

Answer 10

feelings of concern for another - is related to children’s ability to understand other’s mental states

Question 11

Theory of mind

Answer 11

the individual imputes mental states to himself and to others (either to conspecifics or to other species as well). A system of inferences of this kind is properly viewed as a theory, first because such states are not directly observable, and second because the system can be used to make predictions, specifically about the behaviour of other organisms.
Premack & Woodruff

Question 12

Existential self

Answer 12

the subjective “I” who experiences the world

Question 13

False belief

Answer 13

An indicator that the child differentiates between mind and world, and that someone can have a belief that differs from reality

Question 14

Helpless pattern

Answer 14

those who response to failure with doubt and avoidance

patterns of persistence or helplessness evident in 4 year olds

Question 15

Conventional level

Kohlberg

Answer 15

moral reasoning based on the view that a social system must be based on laws and regulations

Question 16

Immanent justice

Answer 16

inherent justice

Question 17

Evaluative self reactions

Answer 17

Consequences people apply to themselves as a result of meeting (or not) personal standards
- motivates children to behave in accordance with their internal standards

Question 18

Looking-glass self

Answer 18

individual’s beliefs about how others feel about us

Question 19

Mastery-oriented pattern

Answer 19

children who, in the face of failure, express positive expectations and persist at the task

Question 20

Moral Domain

Answer 20

Social domain theory

• have “intrinsic effects” on other’s welfare
• obligatory, universally applicable

Question 21

Personal domain

Answer 21

(individual choice)

- knowledge of self, personality, and identity

Question 22

Self schema

Answer 22

an internal cognitive portrait of the self used to organize information about the self

Question 23

Situational compliance

Answer 23

when the child cooperates but does not involve any behavioural change in the child
- often temporary

Question 24

Social-conventional domain

Answer 24

• violate norms and expectations
• inappropriate, but not malicious or victim-based
• contingent on authority commands; can be altered

Question 25

Preconventional

Kohlberg’s model

Answer 25

moral reasoning based on the assumption that individuals must serve their own needs

Question 26

Postconventional

Kohlberg’s model

Answer 26

moral reasoning based on the assumption that the value, dignity, and rights of each individual person must be maintained

Question 27

Precursors of ToM

Answer 27

• joint attention and gaze following
• intention-reading
• imitation
• pretend play
• use of internal state language e.g. “I think” “I feel”
• perspective-taking

Question 28

Moral realism

Answer 28

moral facts and moral values, and that these are objective and independent of our perception of them or our beliefs, feelings or other attitudes towards them

Question 29

Moral relativism

Answer 29

moral or ethical propositions do not reflect objective and/or universal moral truths, but instead make claims relative to social, cultural, historical or personal circumstances.