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SOC 101 Final Exam > Final Exam - Definitions > Flashcards

Final Exam - Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Sociology

What is Sociology?

A

The scientific study of human society and societal behaviour - what factors influence the interactions between people?

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2
Q

Sociological Imagination

What is Sociology?

A

The ability to place and understand the personal experiences of individuals within the societal context in which these experiences occur - personal experience and wider society

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3
Q

Sociological Perspective

What is Sociology?

A

How you make sense of your reality that is constructed through concrete and abstract experiences - intersection of the individual and external factors

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4
Q

Social Fact

What is Sociology?

A

Component of your reality - originating in institutions/culture of a society which affects your attitudes/behaviour

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5
Q

Agency

What is Sociology?

A

Capacity to make choices altering our own lives and that of others

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6
Q

Social Structure

What is Sociology?

A

The organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that comprise society

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7
Q

Objectivity

What is Sociology?

A

Use reason and evidence to interpret an event - avoiding bias

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8
Q

Subjectivity

What is Sociology?

A

Interpret reality through personal values or beliefs - use bias

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9
Q

Structure

What is Sociology?

A

Elements of society that create stable opportunities and constraints peoples lives

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10
Q

Theory

What do Sociologists Do?

A

A set of propositions intended to explain a fact or sociological phenomenon

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11
Q

☆ Functionalist Theory

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Sociological perspective that describes society as a set of interconnected parts working together to preserve stability of social life

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12
Q

Social Reproduction

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Term Encompassing what goes into reproducing society like having children and teaching them the rules of society

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13
Q

Manifest Functions

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Intended and recognizable ways institutions or social phenomena operate

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14
Q

Latent Functions

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Unintended or hidden ways institutions or social phenomena operate

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15
Q

Moral Order

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Unwritten social norms/conventions that serve to maintain social order

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16
Q

Anomie

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Instability resulting in breakdown of standards from lack of purpose or ideals

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17
Q

☆ Conflict Theory

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Sociological perspective that centers around the idea that society is organized around inequalities, which produces conflict between groups

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18
Q

Mode of Productions

What do Sociologists Do?

A

A way of producing material things we need to survive

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19
Q

Bourgeoisie

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Capitalists, owners of the means of production

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20
Q

Proletariat

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Workers, those who produce for the bourgeoisie

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21
Q

Consumerism

What do Sociologists Do?

A

More material possession means more in general - happier by consuming more goods

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22
Q

☆ Symbolic Interactionism

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Sociological perspective where people create meaning through interaction

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23
Q

“I”

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Unsocialized, impulsive, self

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24
Q

“Me”

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Socialized, reflective of the values of society, self

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25
Q

Double Consciousness

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Experience of looking at one’s self through the eyes of racist, white society

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26
Q

☆ Feminist Theory

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Sociological approach attempting to understand the inequality women face in society

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27
Q

Patriarchy

What do Sociologists Do?

A

A cultural system that promotes the idea that men must have dominant roles in society

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28
Q

Standpoint Theory

What do Sociologists Do?

A

Feminist position that argues that knowledge stems from social position

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29
Q

Culture

Culture

A

The shared set of influences (beliefs, values, languages, etc) that we use to make sense of the world around us

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30
Q

Norms

Culture

A

Written and unwritten rules that are taught and understood but not legally binding

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31
Q

Values

Culture

A

Beliefs about ideal goals and behaviour that serve as standards for social life

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32
Q

Sanction

Culture

A

Rewards for adhering to a norm and punishments for violating a norm

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33
Q

Material Culture

Culture

A

The physical objects and artifacts found in a culture

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34
Q

Nonmaterial Culture

Culture

A

Values, beliefs, philosophies, ideologies, conventions, etc.

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35
Q

Language

Culture

A

System of signals strung together for the purpose of communicating abstract thoughts

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36
Q

Cultural Universals

Culture

A

Practices found in every human culture

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37
Q

Diffusion

Culture

A

Cultural items or practices being transmitted from one group to another

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38
Q

Globalization

Culture

A

Worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets

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39
Q

Cultural Capital

Culture

A

The values, knowledge, skills, and ideas that are valued

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40
Q

Subculture

Culture

A

A cultural group within society that shares elements of the dominant culture but also has its own distinct values

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41
Q

Counterculture

Culture

A

Subculture that rejects cultural norms and adopts alternative ones

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42
Q

Ethnocentrism

Culture

A

A tendency to evaluate other cultures through the lens of one’s on culture

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43
Q

Cultural Relativism

Culture

A

Understanding a culture on its own terms

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44
Q

Xenocentrism

Culture

A

Assuming some/everything about a different culture is superior to one’s own

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45
Q

Multiculturalism

Culture

A

The presence of people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds

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46
Q

Folkways

Culture

A

Simple customs people take part in every day - norm that organizes casual interactions

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47
Q

Mores

Culture

A

Social norms that are widely observed and are considered to have greater moral significance than others

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48
Q

Status

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Socially defined positions within society

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49
Q

Master Status

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

The status that is the most important and gives you your main position in society

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50
Q

Ascribed Status

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Attributes generally attained at birth like race, sex, etc.

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51
Q

Achieved Status

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Acquired through our own efforts

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52
Q

Social Scripts

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Culturally constructed, socially enforced practices practices we are expected to follow when interacting in social situations

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53
Q

Role Conflict

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

A situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise wen one individual holds two or more social positions

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54
Q

Role Strain

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

When one of our social positions has conflicting demands and expectations placed upon it

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55
Q

Primary Group

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Small, intimate group characterized by face-to-face interactions and co-operation

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56
Q

Secondary Groups

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Tend to be formal and impersonal like in school or the workplace

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57
Q

In-Group/Out-Group

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Group that makes you feel like you do/don’t belong

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58
Q

Reference Group

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

A group individual use as a standard for behaviour

59
Q

Coalition

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Groups aligning towards a common goal

60
Q

Social Network

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Our connections with people in different social circles

61
Q

Mechanical Solidarity

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Functionalism - Characteristic of societies with a minimal division of labour and group solidarity

62
Q

Organic Solidarity

A

Functionalism - Characteristic of societies with a large division of labour and group interdependence

63
Q

Gemeinschaft

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Functionalism - The past, when society was communal, small scale, ad under monarchy

64
Q

Gesellschaft

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Functionalism - Society as a collection of free citizens who are not constrained to one place and are governed by constitutional governments

65
Q

Organizations

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Large groups that have a collective goal or purpose

66
Q

Formal Organizations

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Planned groups that coordinate people, capital, and tools through formalized roles, statuses, and relationships to efficiently achieve a certain set of goals

67
Q

McDonaldization

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

The process by which the principles of the fast food industry have come to dominate organizations

68
Q

Bureaucracy

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

A

Formal organizations that thrive in both the public and private sector

69
Q

Prestige

Class Inequality

A

Honour and respect, a type of stratification that is separate from income, authority, or class

70
Q

Social Stratification

Class Inequality

A

A system of inequality that integrates class, status, and domination with other forms of differentiation, such as gender, race, etc.

71
Q

Meritocracy

Class Inequality

A

A system of rewards based on demonstrated ability

72
Q

Social Mobility

Class Inequality

A

The movement of individuals among different levels of occupational hierarchy - vertical or horizontal - across or within a generation(s)

73
Q

Socio-Economic Status

Class Inequality

A

A method of ranking people that combines measures of wealth, authority, and prestige

74
Q

Clan System

Class Inequality

A

Where every individual is connected to a large network of relatives

75
Q

Caste System

Class Inequality

A

Hierarchy of groups separated from each other by rules of ritual purity

76
Q

Class System

Class Inequality

A

A hierarchy of groups with different market conditions, work situations, and life chances

77
Q

Davis-Moore Hypothesis

Class Inequality

A

Functionalist - the belief that inequality is a functional and essential part of society

78
Q

False Conciousness

Class Inequality

A

Conflict - Marx’s term for when the working class mistakenly identifies with the capitalist class

79
Q

Conspicuous Consumption

Class Inequality

A

Symbolic Int. - the purchasing of expensive goods and services primarily for the purpose of putting one’s wealth on display

80
Q

Elite

Class Inequality

A

A small group that has power or influence over others and that is regarded as being superior in some way

81
Q

Poverty

Class Inequality

A

The state of lacking sufficient resources to live a life that is considered normal or comfortable in a society

82
Q

Absolute Poverty

Class Inequality

A

A way of defining poverty based on an individual’s ability to afford the basic necessities for life

83
Q

Relative Poverty

Class Inequality

A

A way to define poverty that compares an individual’s circumstances to the general living standards of society - low compared to most

84
Q

Classism

Class Inequality

A

Prejudice against people of a certain standing in the social hierarchy based on their material wealth/power

85
Q

Ethnicity

Race and Racialization

A

People with a common culture, language, religion, and/or natural origin as well as people who share memories of colonization and migration

86
Q

Race

Race and Racialization

A

Shared/similar physical characteristics and appearance

87
Q

Minority Groups

Race and Racialization

A

Groups that have limited economic and social power and therefore have limited control of their own lives

88
Q

Visible Minority

Race and Racialization

A

Those that are neither Indigenous nor white

89
Q

Prejudice

Race and Racialization

A

Hostile social attitude toward members of another group

90
Q

Stereotypes

Race and Racialization

A

Fixed mental images that prejudiced people think encompass all members of a given group

91
Q

Exception Fallacy

Race and Racialization

A

When aware of a stereotype we are more likely to notice when we see examples that corroborate that stereotype

92
Q

Discrimination

Race and Racialization

A

Actions carried out against another person/group because of their group membership

93
Q

Racism

Race and Racialization

A

Systemic prejudice and discrimination by the dominant racial group against subordinate racial groups in society

94
Q

Systemic Discrimination

Race and Racialization

A

Biases against subordinate groups that are so deeply embedded in a society’s institutions and customs that they are hard to see but are enforced across the society and create perpetual disadvantages

95
Q

Othering

Race and Racialization

A

Classifying someone as “not one of us”

96
Q

Contact Hypothesis

Race and Racialization

A

Symbolic interactionist theory that contends that contact between people who are from different racial/ethnic groups but are otherwise of equal status will result in a reduction in prejudice

97
Q

Exploitation Theory

Race and Racialization

A

A conflict theory that contends that racism keeps minority group members in low-paying jobs, supplying the capitalists with a cheap reserve of labour

98
Q

Charter Groups

Race and Racialization

A

Canadians of British and French ancestry, named because settlers from England and France first came to Canada with royal permission to trade and settle

99
Q

Genocide

Race and Racialization

A

The deliberate extermination of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation

100
Q

Segregation

Race and Racialization

A

The physical separation of groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and other social structures

101
Q

Assimilation

Race and Racialization

A

The process by which one forgoes their own culture and assumes the traits of the dominant group

102
Q

Pluralism

Race and Racialization

A

Minority ethnic groups maintain their cultural practices and identities while a dominant culture is retained

103
Q

Sex

Gender

A

The social construction of categories based on physical and biological characteristics - male and female in Canada

104
Q

Binary Construction

Gender

A

The classification of a concept (in this case, gender or sex) into one of two mutually exclusive groups

105
Q

Gender

Gender

A

Human traits (behaviours, roles, attributes, personality, physical appearance, values) that a culture associates with a particular sex

106
Q

Gender Roles

Gender

A

The attitudes and activities that members of a culture typically expect or desire of other members based on their perceived sex

107
Q

Hegemonic Masculinity

Gender

A

The idealized or most highly regarded traits associated with being a man in out current Canadian culture - strong, capable, financially successful, heterosexual

108
Q

Emphasized Femininity

Gender

A

The idealized or most highly regarded traits associated with being a woman in Canadian culture - attractive, compliant, caring, available to men

109
Q

Intersex

Gender

A

An umbrella term that applies to someone who is born with one of several possible variations of sex characteristics from the discrete gender binary categories - can be visible in genitalia or not

110
Q

Transgender

Gender

A

An umbrella term for people whose gender identity does not align with the sex that they were assigned at birth

111
Q

Doing Drag

Gender

A

Performing in public/a stage while embodying a gender identity that does not align with the gender the performer identifies with out of drag

112
Q

Ideology of Gender

Gender

A

A set of widespread social beliefs that gender is a binary and that there are “natural” differences between men and women - socially constructed and harmful

113
Q

Patriarchy

Gender

A

A system of social organization in which men hold power and women are excluded from power

114
Q

Gender Stratification

Gender

A

A hierarchical system of categorization based on gender - traits associated with masculinity are positive and femininity negative

115
Q

Pink Ghettos

Gender

A

Employment areas dominated by women, characterized by lower average wages and being undervalued in society

116
Q

Operant Conditioning

Gender

A

Interactionists argue that gendered roles are assigned through this - a method of training that rewards compliant behaviours and punishes deviant behaviours

117
Q

Matrix of Domination

Gender

A

Feminists identify the ways race, sexuality, and class (among other inequalities) intersect with gender, making inequality more pronounced

118
Q

Folkways (norm)

Deviance and Crime

A

Customs people take part in every day, eg. holding the door open for others

119
Q

Mores (norm)

Deviance and Crime

A

Norms that are widely observed and have moral significance, eg, incest or adultery (however, could be accepted in different cultures)

120
Q

Deviance (norm)

Deviance and Crime

A

A behaviour, action, or state of being that a community or group doesn’t like

121
Q

Social Control/Law (norm)

Deviance and Crime

A

Institutions and procedures that influence members of society to conform to rules of expected behaviour

122
Q

Crime

Deviance and Crime

A

Any act prohibited by criminal law

123
Q

Criminology

Deviance and Crime

A

The study of what defines, causes, prevents crime and punishment/rehabilitation for those that break the law

124
Q

Victimless Crime

Deviance and Crime

A

A category of crime where no one suffers directly except perhaps the perpetrator, eg. gambling

125
Q

Rational Choice Theory

Deviance and Crime

A

Early criminological approach to crime that assumed people weigh the pros and cons of committing a crime and make a logical decision to commit it or not

126
Q

Positivism

Deviance and Crime

A

A philosophy that prizes reason, logic, and the scientific method over belief/faith

127
Q

Biological Determinism

Deviance and Crime

A

The idea that our behaviour is solely determined by our genetic makeup (positivism, racist because they thought black people were naturally deviant somehow)

128
Q

Social Disorganization

Deviance and Crime

A

Functionalist theory that believed the industrialization, urbanization, and immigration that accompanied modernization shattered society’s traditional order and values, making it difficult to maintain social controls - “modern society more deviant”

129
Q

Strain Theory

Deviance and Crime

A

Functionalist theory that proposes that the cause of deviance lies in society’s unequal opportunity structure - lack of connection between goals and means making it difficult for many to achieve what they want to

130
Q

Labeling Theory

Deviance and Crime

A

Symbolic interactionist approach to deviance that believes people come to identify with behave in ways that reflect how others label them

131
Q

Stigma

Deviance and Crime

A

A mark of shame or social disgrace, discrediting an individual or group

132
Q

Health

Health and Illness

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

133
Q

Illness

Health and Illness

A

A period of impaired or abnormal functioning of the body or mind not caused by physical trauma

134
Q

Sociology of Health and Illness

Health and Illness

A

The interaction between society and health: how our social life impacts rates of disease and death in different population segments, and in turn how those rates compare to society as a whole

135
Q

Social Determinants of Health

Health and Illness

A

The many sociological conditions of a person’s life that influence their health, including social status, employment, education, childhood, location, access to healthcare, genetics, race, gender, culture, social supports, and health behaviours

136
Q

Healthy Immigrant Effect

Health and Illness

A

Refers to a trend where newcomers to Canada are healthier than the overall Canadian population (on average) due mostly to the requirements of entry as an immigrant

137
Q

Social Epidemiology

Health and Illness

A

A branch of the study of the distribution and determinants of health and illness that focuses particularly on the effects of social-structural factors on health

138
Q

Incidence

Health and Illness

A

The occurrence or rate which new cases of a specific illness occur within a given population during a specific period of time

139
Q

Morbidity

Health and Illness

A

The prevalence and patterns of of disease in a population

140
Q

Mortality

Health and Illness

A

The incidence and patterns of death in a population

141
Q

Life Expectancy

Health and Illness

A

The number of years a person is expected to live based on the average of a particular population

142
Q

Sick Role

Health and Illness

A

Functionalist defined social role that defines the behaviour that is appropriate for and expected of those who are sick

143
Q

Gatekeeper

Health and Illness

A

Functionalist term for medical professionals who are charged with either verifying our condition as an “illness” or determining we are “recovered”

144
Q

Medicalization

Health and Illness

A

Conflict theorists belief in medicine as an institution of social control - The process which conditions and issues become defined and treated as a disease and, therefore, as something to be studied, diagnosed, and treated

SOC 101 Final Exam (1 decks)

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