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Ecology And Cuture > Final Exam Deck > Flashcards

Final Exam Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What year did Central America gain its indépendance from Spain ?

A

1821

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2
Q

What were the first provinces in CR?

A

San José, Cartago, Alajueva, Heredia

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3
Q

What were the two provinces that joined later on?

A

Limon and Puntarenas

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4
Q

Why did Puntarenas and Limon join CR instead of other countries in CA

A

The economy was significantly better in CR than neighbouring countries. Additionally, CR was more democratic than any other country

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5
Q

What was the main agricultural crop

A

Coffee

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6
Q

What was another very popular crop? Give a brief history of its introduction to CR

A

Banana

Bananas were first planted in railroad track clearings by Minor Cooper Keith. He later was granted land by CR, which he used to plant more banana crops. He then used the revenue obtained from his crops to complete the railroad, which was at a standstill for many years.

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7
Q

What crop is popular to grow in present day in CR

A

Pineapple

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8
Q

Explain two symbiotic relationships seen at the beginning of the trip

A
  1. Tapir and magpie jays: Tapirs provide magpies with food (insects). Magpie jays Clean the tapirs
  2. Acacia Tree and ants: Acacia trees provides shelter for ants. Ants provide protection from herbivores
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9
Q

Describe a parasitic relationship seen at the beginning of the trip

A

Ficus Tree + host tree
Host tree provides ficus tree with a foundation to grow from the top of its canopy down to the ground. Once roots are settles the ficus tree envelops the host tree and suffocates it to death.

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10
Q

What is an intertidal zone?

A

The area between a body of water’s low tide and high tide

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11
Q

What are two organisms we saw at the intertidal zone? What are their physical and behavioural adaptations?

A
  1. Mussels
    Physical: They have evolved to have shells to protect themselves from predators as well as to retain water to avoid dessiccation
    Behavioural: they stick to rocks to avoid being swept away
  2. Brittle Starfish
    Physical: flexibility to squeeze into cracks where they wont be sought out by predators
    Behavioural: Brittle starfish hide under rocks and in sand to avoid out-of-water predators
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12
Q

Spanish Time!
Lunch
Question
Rice and beans

A

Allmuerzo
Pregunta
Arroz y frijoles

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13
Q

List four evolutionary tactics that plants have in the DTF

A
  1. Green Trunks
    Photosynthesizes when leaves are shed in the dry season
  2. Going into dormant states
    Plants use less water and nutrients during the dry season
  3. Stem succulents
    Adapted to retain water in xylem of the trunk during the dry season
  4. Shedding leaves
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14
Q

What is the national bird

A

Clay-coloured robin

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15
Q

When did the second battle of rivas occur?

A

1856

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16
Q

What is la Casona?

A

La casona is an important historic site that speaks of la batailla de Santa Rosa + La batailla de Rivas, and important figures in CR history such as Juana Santamaria (who burned WW’s shelter) and William Walker (Southern American who wanted to institutionalize slavery). These events brought on the birth of national pride in CR. To add, it was burned down in 2001 by protestors against the conservation of Santa rosa national park. It is a place that speaks on the importance of conservation as well as the history of park rangers in CR.

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17
Q

Where did the battle of rivas occur?

A

Rivas, Nicaragua

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18
Q

What are 3 factors that negatively affect turtles

A
  1. Shoreline armouring : Affects the space where turtles can nest by reducing optimal habitats for nesting. Hatchlings can’t access the sea
  2. Plastic Pollution: INgestion of plastic results in poisoning and death, the can also die from exhaustion.
  3. Climate Change: Warmer sand, gender discrepancy ( hot= more females)
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19
Q

What are the adaptative functions of Bromeliads

A

The leaves are arranged in an overlapping rosette that makes a cistem which holds water and nutrients. They often have a bright res center to attract pollinators (hummingbirds)

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20
Q

What are the adaptative functions of leaf angling

A

Adaptation in many tropical wet forest plants that maximize light capture in lower darker levels of the forest floor where it is harder for light to penetrate. Also prevents the accumulation of heavy rainwater on leaves as they point downwards.

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21
Q

What are the adaptative functions of red/purple undersides

A

maximizes light absorption in lower levels of the rainforest as the red pigments reflect light waves that the green side of the elaf couldn’t intitally absorb

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22
Q

What are the adaptative functions of red leaves

A

Acts as uv protection, prevents herbivory by singaling that it is poisounous

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23
Q

What are the adaptative functions of thick waxy leaves/drip leaves

A

prevent excessive water intake, allows rainwater to slide off/ prevents fungal growth

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24
Q

hairy leaves

A

Prevent excessive water absorption by creating water droplets before they reach the leaf’S surface, cools the leaf down

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25
Q

What are the adaptative functions of holes in leaves

A

evolved dur to high winds and allow lower foliage to access water/nutrient/sunlight

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26
Q

What are the adaptative functions of leaf size (smaller at the bottom larger at the top)

A

leaves with more weight at their top are less likely to break off water wind or rain during storms/maximizes light capture

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27
Q

What are the adaptative functions of buttress roots

A

supports the tree, tap into topsoil for nutrients

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28
Q

What are the adaptative functions of prop roots

A

support the tree, allows the roots access to oxygen

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29
Q

What are the adaptative functions of aerial roots

A

access to water and nutrients from canopy and reach the soil for more nutrients.

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30
Q

What are the adaptative functions of smooth thin bark

A

adaptation designed to prevent the growth of epiphytes on the tree which can weigh it down and cause collapse

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31
Q

What are the adaptative functions of shedding bark

A

prevent epiphyte growth

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32
Q

What are the adaptative functions of unripe fruit being poisonous

A

Deter herbivours from eatin gunripe fruits when the seeds aren’t ready to be dispersed

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33
Q

What are the four intertidal zones?

A

Low intertidal, mid intertidal, high intertidal, splash zone

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34
Q

Why is ther so much biomass even though the soil isnt nutritionally-rich?

A

Fast root absorption

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35
Q

Define arboreal

A

species that live in trees

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36
Q

what are 5 traits that make sloths fit for arboreal life?

A
  1. specialized stomachs allow them ot digest leaves
  2. low metabolism and slow movements conceal movements from predators
  3. Light weight- able to climb on branches
  4. Symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria which allows them to camouflage
  5. Fertilization of trees and provides moths with food by burrying feces in the ground
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37
Q

What is the relationship between heliconnias and hummingbirds

A

Heliconnias and hummingbirds have co-evolved to suit eachother’s needs: Hummingbirds have very long beaks to access the very long heliconnias tubes. The hummingbird gets food from the nectar and the heliconnias is pollinated by the hummingbird

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38
Q

Tapirs are threatened by what 3 factors?

A
  1. Overexploitation
  2. Habitat loss
  3. Road kill
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38
Q

why are tapirs considered to be the only species of dispersing large-seeded plants over large distances (4)

A
  1. Large body size = travels long distances
  2. Long gut retention
  3. Large home ranges
  4. Defecation patterns
38
Q

what is an important ecological role of primates in tropical rain forests

A

Important seed dispersers

39
Q

How would the extinction of tapir seeds affect the evolutionary potential of large-seedes plants?

A

Everything would go to shit, basically. Lesser population less seed flow

40
Q

What are the three types of mangrove trees

A

red, white, and balck

41
Q

what are the characteristics of red mangrove trees

A
  • prop roots
  • aerial roots
  • submerged by water at all times
42
Q

what are the characteristics of black mangrove trees

A

-Psumatophores mounted with leticels
- black colour around roots
- not always submerged

43
Q

what are the characteristics of white mangrove trees

A
  • never submerged in water
  • no/fewer prop roots
44
Q

what are the adaptations of the red, white and black mangrove trees?

A

EXCLUDE BY FILTERING red: psumataphores- gas exchange with the atmosphere while roots are submerged in anoxic mud
EXCRETES SALT white: excludes or excretes salt through leaves, acting as a natural sunscreen
EXCRETES SALT black: salt exluders via root filtration + leaves, aerial roots used to extract air from the atmopshere.

45
Q

What layer does the TWF have that the TDF doesnt

A

emergent layer

46
Q

When did the land bridge between the South and North American continents close

A

3 milion years ago

47
Q

Name and briefly describe two important geographical/biological consequences of the land bridge closing

A
  1. The caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean developped very different
    environments along the roast of central America (changes in ocean currents water temperature precipitation, etc.)
  2. Land animals were distributed between the North and south hemispheres, allowing for the species from different hemispheres to expand their ranges, migrate and coexist in regions that they had not previously inhabited.
48
Q

What are the 2 seasons in Costa Rica and state months of each:

A

The dry season from March to April and september to october, and the wet season from around May to Novembe in the north, and April to December in the south.

49
Q

There is no defined dry season on the Caribbean side while it’s definitely present on the Pacific side. Explain why this occurs?

A

Trade winds, which are a pattern in air circulation that is defined by the Caribbean side and being replaced by
heated air from the tropics rising and being replaced by cold air from the north, which creates these trade winds. The winds blow from the northeast across to the narrow isthmus of central America because of the direction of the rotation of the earth, crossing the caribbean and warming and absorbing the moisture from the ocean. The air then continues to rise, expends energy and drops the moisture as rain that mostly falls on the Eastern side of the central mountains. It can therefore rain at any time on the caribbean side, as opposed to the pacific side of the country (and its central valley) where the effect of the trade winds is moderated by the mountains and by currents coming from the west which create a more defined rainy season.

50
Q

How many “life zones” biologist L.R. Holdridge determine there to be?

A

12 major zones and 12 lesser transition zones

51
Q

What criteria differentiate these regions?

A

These Life zones are Based on
-moisture
-based on the criteria of heat, -precipitation and
- taking into account differences in elevation.

52
Q

What is wrong with the life zones

A

Scientists have discovered that this system needs to also be able to describe ecosystems that the country does actually have today, and not just environments that ane ought to find in costa Rica. The system must
be able to classify both natural and man-made environments and evaluate changes in these environments over time. Astonishing environmental changes have taken place in costa Rica over the last 200 years

53
Q

What language was universally spoken by the indigenous groups in Costa Rica?

A

Huetar

54
Q

Why did the country come to be called Costa Rica?

A

Rich coast = indigenous people wearing lots of gold

55
Q

What was the main cause of the decimation of the Native communities?

A

Disease (e.g. smallpox)

56
Q

Briefly describe the system of encomiendas employed by the Spanish during the early period of colonization.

A

Slaves tried to pay off their debt during slave labour, but it was fruitless trap that kept them in slave-like conditions all their lives

57
Q

The coffee and banana industries have had significant impacts on the country’s economy,
a) What originally resulted in the coffee boom?

A

The fertility of the soil (enhanced by volcanic activity) + the ideal dimate
resulted in govt program to distribute seedlings to coffee growers.
(the coffee first arrived in costa rica from jamaica in 1808)

58
Q

How was the coffee boom improve the relationship between govt and people

A

Many people owned land, many people made lots of money, it wasn’t privatized

59
Q

Briefly describe how the banana industry affected the racial diversity of the country.

A

cultivating bananas caused imported slaves (many From China
and the west Indies/Jamaica) to live in CR. This introduced an important cultural and racial diversity to costa Rican society.

60
Q

What major historic event took place in 1934?

A

10000 individuals participated in the banana worker’s Strike
(One of the
largest strikes in Latin America) against a US company.
It was two weeks
long and successful, as the government eventually negotiated on behalf of the workers. this became a rallying point for organized labour in Costa Rica, This caused the united fruit company to then pull out its operations in the area and relocate due to the new regulations in this industry. Eventually; rail-road crews were changed from Black to White.

61
Q

a) How did Guardia improve the lives of the average Costa Rican citizen during the liberal period?

A

Guardia curbed the power
Of coffee barons and levied taxes (affecting mostly
the coffee oligarchy), in order to put in place several
important initiatives in public
Welfare programs (education, public health and transportation).

62
Q

What program did Figueres put in place that is now considered visionary

A

Reforestation program

63
Q

What four major changes occurred with the adoption of the new constitution in 1949?

A

i- Full citizenship rights for all those born in costa Rica (Black, Chinese s
indigenous residents included)
ii- Women were granted the right to vote
iii- The re-election of a president was prohibited
iv- The army
was ablished (and its funds were redirected into social programs)

64
Q

What are the 7 provinces ? What country is above CR? Which one is below

A
  1. Guanacaste
  2. Alajuela
  3. Heredia
  4. San José
  5. Cartago
  6. Puntarenas
  7. Limon

Up- Nicaragua
Down- Panama

65
Q

what is an example of an emergent tree

A

ceiba

66
Q

how do bats disperse seed

A

shit while flying

67
Q

what plant is dependent on a certain animal to disperse its seeds

A

Jicaro Danto Tree

68
Q

what is a threat to cacao trees

A

squirrels, hummingbirds (they make holes in the fruit which allows for bacteria to grow), and fungus

69
Q

When and where was cacao first sent to

A

1820 in Panama

70
Q

WHat is the difference between a two-toes sloth and a three-toed sloth?

A

2: pink snout emerges from face, light facial hairs
3: flatter face, black “mask” around eyes

71
Q

why do sloths poop in the ground

A
  1. deters predators from knowing where they are
  2. fetilize the soil
  3. aids in moth reproduction
72
Q

why is organic pineapple better

A
  1. youre not ingesting pesticdes
  2. youre not contributing to pesticide pollution
  3. supporting local farmers
73
Q

Spanish time!
trail
garbage
pura vida in the indigenous language

A
  1. piste
    2.bassura
  2. capi capi
74
Q

How can animals hinder seed dispersal

A
  1. chewing seeds
  2. gut fluids damaging seeds
  3. spitting seeds out
75
Q

What are epiphytes

A

organisms that grow on other plants by taking in nurtients and water from the surrounding air

76
Q

name a tree with spikes on the bark

A

pochote

77
Q

what is the tree of guanacaste

A

guanacaste tree

78
Q

what are the types of vines in the TWF

A

lianas,bole clibers, and stranglers

79
Q

what are the strata of the TDF

A

continous canopy, discontinuous understory of shrubs, discontinous layer of herbs/shrubs/saplings

80
Q

what are the strata of the TWF

A

emergents, canopy, under canopy, shrub layer, forest floor

81
Q

define cauliflory

A

fruits and flowers grow on the trunk

82
Q

what is the pathogen leaf cutter ants hate

A

escovopsis

83
Q

how many tides will high latitudes experience

A

2, 1h 1l (diturnal tides)

84
Q

how many tides will low latitudes experience

A

4, 2l 2h, (semi-diturnal tides)

85
Q

whatis ther term for tides at intermediate latitudes

A

mixed tides

86
Q

how does bioluminescence work

A

oxigdation of luciferin in the presense of enzyme luciferase causes energy to be released instead of heat

87
Q

define osmoregulators vs osmoconformer

A

regulator: expel salts to maintian homeostasis
confomer: retain salt to match the osmolarity of the environment

88
Q

what season is best for migratory birds

A

dry: wet season would make it hard for birds to fly and they could die of hypothermia

89
Q

what are 3 adaptations of wading birds

A

long legs: hunting in shallow water without wetting feathers
big feet and spread out toes: they dont sink in mud
long necks, long beaks: easier to reach food on the ground or in water

90
Q

give me two examples of wading birds + 3 unique features

A

Snowy egret
- black legs yellow feet
yellow feathers around eyes
black beak
Great egret
-black legs and feet
-fully white body
- yellow beak

91
Q

why are kingfishers great fishers

A

they have long flat pointed beak that does not disrupt the water<s surface tensions, making them very quiet when they enter the water

92
Q

define polyandrous

A

females mates with multiple partners

93
Q

how is polyandry a benefit

A

lowers the change of inbreeding depression, provides women with another chance if the first male was infertile

94
Q

what are 3 threats to canyo negro

A

agriculture, plastic pollution, overexploitation

Ecology And Cuture (1 decks)

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