Final Exam Cumulative Flashcards
What is Epidemiology?
The study of diseases through data, focusing on populations and demographics.
Chronic
Disease that progresses slowly but lasts a long period of time.
Acute
Disease that is sever and happens quickly but lasts only a short time.
Outbreak
Infectious disease that affects many people over time.
Epidemic
Disease that spread over a large population.
Endemic
Disease that persists in a population over lengthy period of time.
Pandemic
Disease that spreads over a larger population (globally).
Father of Epidemiology who used natural experiments.
John Snow
Members of a population who are capable of developing a disease/condition.
Population at risk.
Number of years a person is expected to live at any particular year.
Life expectancy.
when the duration of a disease becomes short, incidence increases and so does ____.
Prevalence
Prevalence
The frequency of existing cases.
Incidence
The frequency of new cases.
Morbidity
Those who are sick/infected with disease.
Mortality
Those who are dead.
Difference between Clinical Medicine to Epidemiology?
Clinical focuses on the individual while Epidemiology focuses on the population.
(Quantification) Primary Prevention
Example- Eating Healthy, exercising, etc.
(Quantification) Secondary Prevention
Example- Screenings, examinations, Catching it before it’s there.
(Quantification) Tertiary Prevention
Example- Treatment, chemotherapy, etc.
Descriptive Epidemiology
Characterized by the amount and distribution of a disease in a population.
Analytic Epidemiology
Examines etiological hypotheses regarding the association between exposures and health outcomes.
This rate does not permit comparisons of populations that vary in composition.
Crude Rates
True or False: Tetanus, Rubella, and Measles are all Notifiable Diseases.
True
The top of the Asthma Prevention pyramid is?
Mortality
A centralized Data Base for the collection of information about diseases, such as cancer is known as_______.
Case Registry .
The systematic and continuous gathering of information about the occurrence of diseases and other health phenomena
Public Health Surveillance.
Classical Antiquity
Before 500AD
Hippocrates
Suggested diseases must be associated with environmental factors rather than superstitious reasons.
Middle Ages
Black Death- Swollen lymph nodes, Fever, Black spots on skin.
Paracelsus (Renaissance)
One of the founders of Toxicology Field.
Most associated with Dose-response relationship
Target Organ specificity of chemicals.
John Graunt (Renaissance)
first to Employ quantitative Methods
Known as the Columbus of statistics.
Ramazzini
18th c.
Founder of the field of Occupational Medicine
Sir Percival Pott
18th c.
first person to describe an environmental cause of cancer.
(Chimney sweeps, had a high incidence of scrotal cancer.)
Edward Jenner
18th c.
developed method for smallpox vaccine.
John Snow
19th c.
Believed that cholera was transmitted through contamination and proved the association.
John Snow’s Experiment
Used a spot map to identify cases.
Used Data tables to describe infectious disease.
Recommended public Health Measure to prevent disease.
Miasmatic theory
Diseases transported to people by miasma or a cloud that clung low to the surface of the earth.
William Farr
19th c.
Developed more sophisticated way of codifying medical conditions.
Examined linkage between mortality rates and population density.
Robert Koch
19th c.
Association between microorganism and diseases
Kochs postulates
1.Must be observed in every case.
2.must be isolated and grown in culture.
3.The pure culture must be put into an animal and reproduce the disease.
4.Organism must be observed in and recovered from the animal.
Pandemic Influenza
Early 20th c.
Spanish flu
1/3 of world’s population became infected.
killed 50-100 million people globally
Alex Fleming
20th c.
Discovered Penicillin
Three types of Presentation of Data (Graphical)
Bar chart
Line chart
Pie chart
Type of graph that shows the frequency of cases for categories of categorical (discrete) variables such as Yes/No variable.
(Includes histogram)
Continuous, infinite numbers
EX weight, height, blood sugar levels
Bar Chart
Displays trends
Example Time Trends
Line Graph
Circle that shows proportion of cases according to serval categories.
Pie Chart
R=(x/y)
Rates
Proportions
Percentages
Ratio
p= A/(A+b)
Proportion
P=A/(A+B)x100
Percentage
r= x/(time)
# of health events/population in which event occurs.
Rate
Number of new cases/number of individuals in population cases at risks x100,000
Incidence Rate
Number of new cases/Total population at risk during same time period
Cumulative Incidence
Number of people ill at point in time/total number in group
Point Prevalence
All cases of a disease within a period of time
Period prevalence
Cases diagnosed at any time period of persons lifetime.
Life prevalence
What happens to Prevalence if:
Increase of incidence
longer duration of the case
in-migration of cases
Prolongation of life of patients without cure
Increased prevalence
What happens to Prevalence if:
Decrease in Incidence
Shorter duration of disease
in-migrant of healthy people
improved cure rate of disease
Decreased Prevalence
Most common method of disease transmission in urban areas
Person to Person Contact
True or False: People can be characterized into a race based on physical characteristics.
False
______ the generalizability of the findings the population from which data has been taken.
External Validity
Conducted every 10 years.
Provides data that can be used to define the denominator in rates with respect to official estimates of total population size and subdivisions of the population by geographical area.
US Bureau of Census
Vital Events
Deaths, births, deaths, marriages divorces, and fetal deaths.
Compiles and publishes national mortality rates.
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
True or False: Mortality data is almost totally complete.
True, death does not go unrecorded.
True or False: Specificity of cause of death is entirely accurate.
False
What are these all apart of?
Communicable and infectious diseases
non-infectious diseases
Risk factors for chronic diseases
Public health surveillance programs
Used to monitor at state levels behavioral risk factors that are associated with chronic illness.
Gather data related to health risk factors, preventative health practices, and healthcare access.
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
National program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) are all apart of what?
Case Registries
National Health interview survey
National health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES)
The Vital Statistics system
National Center for health Statistics (NCHS)
Which program conducts the National Health interview Survey?
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
Which program is used to track the people’s health status and access to health care?
National Health interview Survey (NHIS)
Which Program collects data from physicians such as weight, height, and so forth?
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
True or False: The World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Union provide international and foreign data regarding disease and health.
True
A Rate that has not been modified to take into account of any of the factors, such as the demographic makeup of the population that may affect the observed rate.
Crude Rate
A type of Crude rate
Number of deaths in given year/ Reference population x 100,000
Crude Death Rate
Number of deaths due to a disease that occur amongst persons who are afflicted with that disease.
Number of deaths due to disease/number of cases of disease x 100
Case Fatality Rate (CFR)
The number of deaths within a population due to a specific disease or cause divided by the total number of deaths in population.
Deaths due to specific disease during time period/number of all deaths during time period x 100
Proportional Mortality Ratio (PMR)
A measure that refers to mortality (or frequency of a given disease) divided by the population size at the midpoint of a time period times a multiplier.
Mortality/frequency of disease/Population size at midpoint time period x100,000
Cause-Specific Rate
Number of deaths among those age 15-24/number of persons aged (15-24) in time period x 100,000
Age specific Rate
Number of sex specific deaths/number of sex specific in population of time period x 100,000
Sex Specific Rate
True or False: Age is a rate used in rate adjustment.
True
Maternal deaths that result from causes associated with pregnancy.
Number of deaths related to childbirth/number of live births x 100,000
Maternal Mortality Rate
number of infants (under 1 yr) deaths during the year/number of live births during the year x100,000
Infant Mortality Rate
Two measures of Fetal Mortality
Fetal Death Rate
Late Fetal Death Rate
Number of fetal deaths after 20 weeks or more gestation/number of live births + number of fetal deaths after 20 weeks or more gestation x 1,000
Fetal Death Rate
Number of fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation/ number of live births + number of fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation x 1,000
Late Fetal Death Rate
Number of babies born/total population x 1,000
Crude Birth Rate
Number of live births within a year/ number of women aged 15-44 x 1,000
General fertility rate
True or False: Pernatal mortality does not include both late fetal deaths and deaths among newborns.
False. Pernatal does include late Fetal deaths and deaths among newborns.
Number of late fetal deaths (28) + infant deaths within 7 days of birth/ Number of live births +number of late fetal deaths x 1,000
Pernatal Mortality Rate
Accounts of single occurrence of a noteworthy health related incident or of a small collection of such events
Case Report
Larger collection of cases of diseases, often grouped consecutively and listing common features such as characteristics of affected patients.
Case Series
Type of investigation that examines the relationship between disease and other variables of interest as they exists in a defined population or at particular time.
Type of prevalence study
BRFSS
Cross-sectional Study
Three types of Descriptive Epidemiological study designs
Case Report
Case Series
Cross-sectional study
Descriptive term for a persons position in society
Often formulated by- a persons income level, education level, and type of occupation.
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
