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elementary psychology > final exam cumulative > Flashcards

final exam cumulative Flashcards

1
Q

Independent variable

A

the constant variable that determines the outcome of the dependant variable

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2
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that relies on the independent variable for the outcome

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3
Q

control

A

does not receive any treatment to provide a baseline for the rest of the experiment

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4
Q

random assignment

A

people must be chosen at random to receive valid results for the experiments

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5
Q

informed consent

A

people must give written consent for an experiment after being informed of all that it consists of. they can withdraw their consent at any time. deception is only allowed in certain situations

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6
Q

correlation studies

A

only provide proof of a relationship and tell how strong of a relationship. not cause and effect

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7
Q

strong vs weak correlation

A

a strong correlation is close to 1 or -1 and means there is a relationship
a weak correlation is close to 0 and means little to no relationship

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8
Q

positive vs negative correlation

A

positive means the variables move in the same direction together
negative means the variables move in opposite directions
has nothing to do with the strength of the relationship

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9
Q

experimental studies

A

find cause and effect between variables

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10
Q

frued’s theory

A

psychodynamic theory- the unconscious mind strongly effects the conscious thought process

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11
Q

id, ego, superego

A

id- raw unconscious drives
ego- mediates the two
superego- rule following conscious

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12
Q

Piaget’s theory

A

children develop shortcuts to mental processes called schemata. at they grow, their schemata adjusts by accommodation and assimilation. this is where they connect a new experience to what they already know and develop knew schemata based on this connection.

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13
Q

Piaget’s stages

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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14
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

age 0-1, experiencing the world through senses and actions

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15
Q

preoperational stage

A

age 2-6, experiencing the world through words and images but lacking logical reasoning and thought

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16
Q

concrete operational stage

A

age 7-11, concrete mental processes, analogies, and logic as well as arithmetic sequences

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17
Q

formal operational stage

A

age 12, understanding higher-level thinking and reasoning

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18
Q

classical conditioning

A

conditioning a natural reflex to be triggered by an unnatural stimulus through simultaneous stimulation from the natural stimulus and the conditioned stimulus

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19
Q

operant conditioning

A

using reinforcement and punishment to achieve desired behavior

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20
Q

positive and negative reinforcement

A

positive- adding something good to increase behavior

negative- taking away something bad to increase behavior

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21
Q

positive and negative punishment

A

positive- adding something bad to decrease a behavior

negative- taking away something good to decrease a behavior

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22
Q

reinforcement schedule types

A

fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval

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23
Q

fixed ratio

A

after a certain number of responses reinforcement is given

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24
Q

variable ratio

A

after an unpredictable number of responses reinforcement is given

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25
fixed interval
after a certain amount of time reinforcement is given
26
variable interval
after an unpredictable amount of time reinforcement is given
27
prenatal development
development of a baby before birth
28
germinal stage
week 1-2, called a zygote, mitosis begins, from the time the egg is fertilized to the time it implants in the uterus,
29
embryonic stage
week 3-8, begins when the egg implants into the uterus, called an embryo, basic shape of the body begins to form, heartbeat becomes detectable
30
fetal stage
week 9-40, internal organs, extremities, and fingerprints develop, the only stage that the baby could survive
31
teratogen
any physical, chemical, or biological agent that could harm the developing baby
32
sleep
period of low brain and muscular activity controlled brain patterns and internal rhythms
33
stage 1 of sleep
very relaxed, heart rate and breathing slow
34
stage 2 of sleep
deeper state of relaxation, sleep spindles begin to occur (bursts of mental activity)
35
stage 3 of sleep
deep slow-wave sleep, dramatically slowed heart and breathing rate, difficult to wake from
36
REM
rapid eye movement, high levels of brain activity but paralysis of voluntary muscles, dreaming
37
frontal lobe
reasoning, motor control, language
38
parietal lobe
processing sensory information
39
temporal lobe
hearing, memory, language
40
occipital lobe
visual processing
41
corpus callous
connects the two hemispheres of the brain, if severed the senses cannot communicate with each other
42
hippocampus
learning and memory
43
medulla
controls automatic processes like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
44
cerebral cortex
the outer surface of the brain associated with higher-level processes
45
big 5 personality traits
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
46
short term memory
temporarily connecting a sensation with a long term memory
47
long term memory
permanent storage of a memory from more than a few minutes prior
48
retrieval and two types
getting memories from the long term storage to the conscious mind, recall and recognition
49
recall and recognition
recall- remembering without any cues | recognition- remembering by encountering a stimulus that retrieves the memory
50
HM case study
hippocampus was removed- unable to remember any events that occurred after the surgery, but could remember the things before the surgery
51
Elizabeth Loftus
studies false memories, discovered that exposure to misleading information can produce false memories
52
obedience
milligram study- teacher, learner, incorrect answer led to a shock, continued past acceptable limits with the encouragement of the experimenter
53
conformity
asch study- asked to judge the lengths of lines, the one true participant always ended up saying the incorrect answer with the actors so they weren't the only one left out
54
Kinsey
opened the conversation for sexual behavior and debunked many myths
55
masters and Johnson
sexual response cycle- excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
56
sexual orientation
ones sexual or emotional attraction to others, not a choice but a stable characteristic
57
galton- intelligence
developed the first intelligence test. liked the test to eugenics and began to sterilize people (mostly women, women of color, and criminals) who did not meet a certain intelligence level
58
binet- intelligence
asked by the french gov to create an intelligence test to give to children to determine who needed extra help in the classroom
59
terman- inteligence
brought the french test to America and used it to predict their academic success
60
normal distribution in psychology
the bell-shaped curve shows that most people fall in the middle and as it gets closer to each extreme less and less people fit the criteria
61
the strange situation
a mother and a child are in a room alone. the child gets comfortable and plays with toys. the mother leaves and a stranger walks in. the mother then returns to comfort the child. their response to the mother leaving and returning shows their attachment type
62
secure attachment
the child gets upset when the mother leaves and is calmed easily when she returns
63
avoidant attachment
the child is unresponsive to the mother leaving and returning, most likely mildly neglected
64
resistant attachment
the child shows clingy behavior but rejects the mothers attempts to give them affection
65
disorganized attachment
the child is erratic and run from their parents

elementary psychology (2 decks)

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