Final Exam: Comprehensive Vocabulary

Question 1

Similar because of a common ancestor

Example: Opposable thumb in chimps and humans

Answer 1

Homology

Question 2

Occurs when NS favors similar structure as a solution to a problem posed by a similar environment

Example: Wings of bats and birds, eyes on top of the skulls of crocodiles and hippos

Answer 2

Convergent evolution

Question 3

A trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce compared with individuals without that trait

Answer 3

Adaptation

Question 4

Any change in DNA, the raw material of NS

Answer 4

Mutation

Question 5

Causes no amino acid change because the genetic code degenerates

Answer 5

Synonymous mutation

Question 6

Causes an amino acid change

Answer 6

Nonsynonymous mutation

Question 7

More than 2 chromosome sets, 4n, rare in animals, common in plants

Answer 7

Polyploidy

Question 8

All individuals of a species in which mating occurs

Answer 8

Population

Question 9

Favors 1 homozygote over another

Answer 9

Directional selection

Question 10

Favors heterozygotes

Answer 10

Stabilizing selection

Question 11

Random variation in allele frequency across generations

Answer 11

Genetic drift

Question 12

Lowered fitness due to high levels of mating between close relatives; ^ homozygote

Answer 12

Inbreeding depression

Question 13

Evolution at 1 locus independent of another locus

Answer 13

Linkage equilibrium

Question 14

Evolution at 1 locus does have an effect of another

Answer 14

Linkage disequilibrium

Question 15

3 things that linkage disequilibrium causes

Answer 15

1. Physical linkage
2. Selection
3. Drift

Question 16

2 things that linkage disequilibrium reduces

Answer 16

1. Sex

2. Crossing-over/recombination

Question 17

Cost of meiosis (Maynard Smith’s analysis of sex)

Answer 17

Sexual reproduction: 50% males, 50% offspring can reproduce

Asexual reproduction: 100%, more grandchildren

Sexual offspring: genetically different, so can adapt with changing environments (asexuals are the opposite)

Question 18

A nonrandom distribution of codons in a DNA sequence; synonymous mutation not neutral

Answer 18

Codon bias

Question 19

An increase in neutral allele/slightly deleterious allele frequency due to close linkage to a beneficial allele

Answer 19

Hitchhiking genes

Question 20

Eukaryotic genome consists of large amount of these

Answer 20

Highly-repetitive sequences

Question 21

Serial endosymbiosis involving engulfing cyanobacteria (mitochondria) or photosynthetic bacteria (chloroplast)

Answer 21

Primary serial endosymbiosis

Question 22

Serial endosymbiosis involving the nucleus

Answer 22

Secondary serial endosymbiosis

Question 23

Example: Mutualism with butterflies and ants

Answer 23

Coevolution

Question 24

Strong sexual selection; males depend on number of females

Answer 24

Competitive sex

Question 25

Weak sexual selection; females depend on number of eggs

Answer 25

Choosy sex

Question 26

Competition involving no combat, just display

Answer 26

Intersexual competition

Question 27

Competition involving direct combat

Answer 27

Intrasexual competition

Question 28

Overlapping generations, nonreproductive caste, cooperative brood care

Example: Naked mole rat

Answer 28

Eusociality

Question 29

Group of populations in which characters are intermediate between good morphospecies because intermediate populations result from reduced interbreeding and gene flow

Example: Sycamore - hybridize frequently, offspring have characters that are intermediate

Answer 29

Semispecies

Question 30

Low fitness with backcrossing; type of lateral gene transfer hybrid has alleles from both parental species

Answer 30

Introgression

Question 31

Evolution characterized by occasional hybridization of 2 species

Answer 31

Reticulate speciation