Final Exam chp 8

Question 1

What are social process theories ?

Answer 1

Theory that says criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others and the process of socialization
Predicts that everyone has the power to violate the law and that criminality is not a natural human characteristic

Question 2

What is differential association ?

Answer 2

Type of social learning theory

Developed by Edwin Sutherland > criminality is learned through differential association with others who communicate criminal values and who advocate the commission of crimes.

Question 3

what theory is Edwin Sutherland associated with ?

Answer 3

Differential association

Question 4

what research is associated with differential identification ?

Answer 4

social learning and social structure research

Question 5

differential association Vs differential identification

Answer 5

Differential Association : learned criminal behavior through process of association with other criminals

Differential Identification : Process of identification with themselves to pursue criminal behavior

Question 6

What theory is Travis Hirchi associated with ?

Answer 6

Social bond theory

4 COMPONENTS
Attachment (a persons shared interest in others)
Commitment ( the amount of energy and effort put into actives with others )
Involvement (the amount of time spent with others in shared activities)
Belief (a shared value and moral system)

Question 7

Why is social control theory also know as social bond theory ?

Answer 7

social control seeks to identify the features of personality and environments and social bond is similar in identifying the bond between individuals and society

Question 8

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, what is the general theory of crime/self control

Answer 8

crime is a natural consequence of unrestrained human tendencies to seek PLEASURE and avoid PAIN
ppl operating under low self control accounts for all crime at all times.
self -control is the key concept in the explanation of crime as well as other behaviors

Question 9

social control seeks

Answer 9

to identify factors that keep people from committing crimes

focus on the process through which integration with positive institutions and individuals develops

Question 10

what is labeling theory

Answer 10

A SOCIAL PROCESS THEORY
perspective that sees continued crimes as a consequence of limited opportunity, followed by a negative response from society. “once a con always a con”
Society’s response to the criminal and the process which a person comes to be defined as a criminal and labeled “criminal”
Developed by HOWARD BECKER

Question 11

According to Frank Tannenbaum, WHAT IS TAGGING ?

Answer 11

Introduced by Tannenbaum
Under labeling theory
A societal reaction to deviance
process where an individual is negatively defined by his actions
evil acts= evil person who is unredeemable

Question 12

According to Edwin Lemert, what is PRIMARY DEVIANCE ? SECONDARY DEVIANCE?

Answer 12

PRIMARY > An offenders INITIAL act of deviance

SECONDARY > CONTINUED acts of deviance that results from labeling and from association with other who have been labeled

Question 13

According to John Braithwaite, what is reintegrative shamming ?

Answer 13

Part of labeling theory
process where an deviant is labeled and sanctioned by criminal justice system
but then is brought back into a community of conformity through words, gestures and rituals.
seeks to strengthen the bond between the offender and community
Restorative justice approach
condemn the crime not the criminal

Question 14

According to John Braithwaite, what is stigmatic shamming ?

Answer 14

shaming meant to WEAKEN the bond between community and offender
example ( making an offender post they are an offender on front lawn, or bumper sticker saying I am a drunk)
says that the offender is expected to commit more crimes.

Question 15

According to Howard becker, what is moral enterprise ?

Answer 15

efforts made by an interest group to have a sense of moral or ethical view enacted into law.
banning or drinking, marijuana

Question 16

Explain Howard Beckers typologies of delinquents
Pure deviant
Falsely accused deviant
Secret deviant

Answer 16

Pure deviant > commit norm breaking rules, sanctioned, convicted, appraised by society( labeled, judged)

Falsely accused > not guilty, but is labeled deviant nonetheless, experiences impact of conviction, left to be associated with those who are true deviants

Secret deviant > violates social norms but acts go unnoticed, so negative societal reaction do not follow, lack of consequences

Question 17

According to Erving Goffman, what is dramaturgy ?

Answer 17

A social process
individuals play a variety of nearly simultaneous social roles
role are continued in interaction with other

Question 18

What is a total institution ?

Answer 18

A facility from which individuals can rarely come and go. communal life is intense restrictive.

Question 19

what is life course criminology ?

Answer 19

A SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE
perspective that says criminal behavior tends to follow a pattern across the life cycle
the focus on the dimensions of criminals offending over the entire life course

1. principle of historical time and place
2. timing in lives
   3, linked lives
3. human agency

Question 20

what is age graded theory by Robert Sampson and John Laub

Answer 20

delinquency is more likely to occur when bonds to society are weakened or broken

Question 21

Criminal career

Answer 21

The longitudinal sequence of crimes committed by an individual 
participation
frequency
duration
seriousness

Question 22

What is Terrie Moffitts dual taxonomic theory

Answer 22

specifically early brain damage, or chemical imbalances combined with poverty and family dysfunction, some people will show more or less constant patterns of misbehaving

Question 23

What is social capital ?

Answer 23

concept from Sampson and laub
degree of positive relationships with other people and with social institutions that individuals build up over the course of their lives

Question 24

what are life course perspectives

Answer 24

activation> the ways delinquent behaviors are stimulated (continuity, frequency, diversity)
aggravation> existence of a developmental sequence of activities that escalate or increase in seriousness
desistance> reduction in the frequency of offending, variety or seriousness

Question 25

what are linked lives?

Answer 25

Societal and individual experiences are linked thorough the family and its network of shared relationships

macro-level events, such as war, could affect individual behaviors

Stressful events, such as the death of a family member, can also affect family relationships because these occurrences can trigger patterns of stress and vulnerability or, conversely, promote adaptive behaviors and family resilience

Question 26

what are life-course persistent offender mean

Answer 26

an individual who displays constant patterns of misbehavior throughout life

Question 27

what doe adolescent- limited offender mean

Answer 27

an individual who goes through limited periods where they exhibit high probabilities of offending

Question 28

what is human agency

Answer 28

the active role people play in their lives

people are not subject to social structural constraints but instead they actively make choices and decisions based on the alternatives they see before them
(moving to a new cheaper place and sought for alternative forms of income) doing this is the process of building new life

Question 29

what is a turning point ?

Answer 29

crucial life experience that can change behavior