Final exam: Chp 12 13 15 Flashcards
Personality Traits
Durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
Ex: adjectives like honest, suspicious, moody
Personality?
Refers to an individuals unique set of consistent behavioral traits
Observational learning
Occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
Self efficacy
Refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
Self concept
Collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior
5 factor personality traits: Neuroticism
Negative emotionally
worried vs calm, insecure vs secure, self-pitying vs self satisfied
Overreact more than others in response to stress
5 factor personality traits: Extraversion
Positive emotionally
Sociable vs retiring, fun-loving vs sober, affectionate vs reserved
Motivated to pursue social contact, intimacy, interdependence
5 factor personality traits: Openness
Imaginative vs down-to-earth, variety vs routine, independent vs conforming
Curious, flexibility, vivid fantasy
Tend to exhibit less prejudice to minorities
5 factor personality traits: Agreeableness
Softhearted vs ruthless, trusting vs suspicious, helpful vs uncooperative
Trusting, sympathetic, modest, empathetic
Constructive approaches to conflict Resolutions,
5 factor personality traits: Conscientiousness
Well organized vs disorganized, careful vs careless, self-disciplined vs weak willed
Punctual, disciplined, dependable
Faster diligence and dependability in the workplace
According to psychodynamic theory, why do we need defense mechanisms?
Mental maneuvers that work through self deception
Protect person from unpleasant emotions like anxiety and guilt
Rationalization: false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
Defense Mechanisms: Repression/Projection
Repression: keeping distressing thoughts and feelings in the unconscious
Ex: traumatized has no recollection of the details of a close brush with death
Projection: attributing ones own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
Ex: person who dislikes boss thinks he/she likes her boss but feels boss doesn’t like them
Defense Mechanisms: displacement/reaction formation
Displacement: diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target
Ex: after getting scolded, sister takes anger out on little brother
Reaction formation: behaving in a way that is exactly opposite of one’s true feelings
Ex: parent unconsciously resents child but spoils child with lots of gifts
Defense mechanisms: regression and rationalization
Regression: reversion to immature patterns of behavior
Ex: adult throws a temper tantrum when not getting his/her way
Rationalization: creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
Ex: cheating on a test “everyone does it”
Defense mechanisms: identification and sublimation
Identification: bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some group
Ex: insecure yang man joins a fraternity to boost self-esteem
Sublimation: channeling unconscious, unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or admirable activities
Ex: person obsessed with sex becomes a sex therapist and helps others with their sexual problems
How is personality learned according to behavioral theory?
Skinner: personality is an individuals collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations
People’s characteristic response tendencies are shaped by reinforcers and other consequences that follow behavior
Ex: if if your jokes gets favorable attention, tendency to tell jokes increases
How unconditional and conditional love are related to congruent and incongruent self-concept?
Unconditional love (from parents) fosters congruence
Conditional love (from parents) fosters incongruence
Conditional love leads to a need to distort experiences, which fosters an incongruent self-concept
What does it mean when i say that according to behavioral theory, ones personality is dynamic?
Personalities are shaped by the option that not only does the environment we live in affect our personalities but we can choose our environments
Learn through observation
Dynamic in that our environments help shape our personalities, and our personalities then feedback in the environment we choose to be in
In-grouping
A group that one belongs to and identifies with
Out-grouping
A group that one does not belong to or identify with
Fundamental attribution error
Refers to observers bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others behavior
Cognitive dissonance
Exists when related cognitive are inconsistent–that is when they traditional each other
Conformity
Occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure
Obedience
form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority
Bystander effect
People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone
Implicit association test
Measures how quickly people associate carefully chosen pair of concepts
Ex: prejudice against blacks. Liked faces are pared with positive words and vice versa
Social penetration theory
As relationships develop, communication moves from relatively shallow, non intimate levels to deeper, more personal ones
Diagnosis
Involves distinguishing one illness from another
Etiology
Refers to apparent causation and developmental history of an illness
Prognosis
Forecast about the probable course of an illness
Anxiety disorders
A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety
Concordance rate
Indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Involves the coexistence n one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities
Schizophrenic disorders
Class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior
Three criteria used to judge whether a behavior s abnormal or not
Deviance: straying away from the norms and expectations of society
Ex: winter clothes in the summer
Maladaptive behavior: types of behaviors that inhibit a persons ability to adjust to particular situations.
Ex: anger had to take out frustration which inhibits the ability to actually solve the problem
Personal distress: depressed or anxious behavior and not content with their life
Ex: person telling friends about how they hate their life and everything sucks
Somatoform disorders
Physical ailments largely due to psychological factors (not faking)
5 main anxiety disorder symptoms and causes
Causes for all: biological factors, cognitive factors, conditioning, and learning, stress,
Generalized anxiety disorder: nonspecific, chronic worrying
Females > males
Panic disorder: sudden overwhelming anxiety attack
Leads to isolation
Phobic disorder: persistent and irrational fear of an object that presents no true danger
Post traumatic stress disorder: nightmares, flashbacks, anger and guilt, elevated anxiety. All can be from traumatic events like war, car accident
Obsession compulsive disorder: urges to engage in senseless rituals,for example checking to see you locked a door over and over to compensate for your feeling of forgetting to lock your door
How do biological, behavioral, and cognitive factors contribute to the development of anxiety disorders?
Biological: concordance rates ex: identical 37%/fraternal 15%
Neurotransmitter abnormality
GABA and serotonin
Behavioral:
Conditioning and learning; anxiety responses acquired by closed conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning
Cognitive: patterns of thinking Make vulnerable to anxiety disorders 1. Interpretation 2. Attention 3. Recall
