Final exam: Chp 12 13 15

Question 0

Personality Traits

Answer 0

Durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

Ex: adjectives like honest, suspicious, moody

Question 1

Personality?

Answer 1

Refers to an individuals unique set of consistent behavioral traits

Question 2

Observational learning

Answer 2

Occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

Question 3

Self efficacy

Answer 3

Refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

Question 4

Self concept

Answer 4

Collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior

Question 5

5 factor personality traits: Neuroticism

Answer 5

Negative emotionally

worried vs calm, insecure vs secure, self-pitying vs self satisfied

Overreact more than others in response to stress

Question 6

5 factor personality traits: Extraversion

Answer 6

Positive emotionally

Sociable vs retiring, fun-loving vs sober, affectionate vs reserved

Motivated to pursue social contact, intimacy, interdependence

Question 7

5 factor personality traits: Openness

Answer 7

Imaginative vs down-to-earth, variety vs routine, independent vs conforming

Curious, flexibility, vivid fantasy

Tend to exhibit less prejudice to minorities

Question 8

5 factor personality traits: Agreeableness

Answer 8

Softhearted vs ruthless, trusting vs suspicious, helpful vs uncooperative

Trusting, sympathetic, modest, empathetic

Constructive approaches to conflict Resolutions,

Question 9

5 factor personality traits: Conscientiousness

Answer 9

Well organized vs disorganized, careful vs careless, self-disciplined vs weak willed

Punctual, disciplined, dependable

Faster diligence and dependability in the workplace

Question 10

According to psychodynamic theory, why do we need defense mechanisms?

Answer 10

Mental maneuvers that work through self deception

Protect person from unpleasant emotions like anxiety and guilt

Rationalization: false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior

Question 11

Defense Mechanisms: Repression/Projection

Answer 11

Repression: keeping distressing thoughts and feelings in the unconscious
Ex: traumatized has no recollection of the details of a close brush with death

Projection: attributing ones own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
Ex: person who dislikes boss thinks he/she likes her boss but feels boss doesn’t like them

Question 12

Defense Mechanisms: displacement/reaction formation

Answer 12

Displacement: diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target
Ex: after getting scolded, sister takes anger out on little brother

Reaction formation: behaving in a way that is exactly opposite of one’s true feelings
Ex: parent unconsciously resents child but spoils child with lots of gifts

Question 13

Defense mechanisms: regression and rationalization

Answer 13

Regression: reversion to immature patterns of behavior
Ex: adult throws a temper tantrum when not getting his/her way

Rationalization: creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
Ex: cheating on a test “everyone does it”

Question 14

Defense mechanisms: identification and sublimation

Answer 14

Identification: bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some group
Ex: insecure yang man joins a fraternity to boost self-esteem

Sublimation: channeling unconscious, unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or admirable activities
Ex: person obsessed with sex becomes a sex therapist and helps others with their sexual problems

Question 15

How is personality learned according to behavioral theory?

Answer 15

Skinner: personality is an individuals collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations

People’s characteristic response tendencies are shaped by reinforcers and other consequences that follow behavior

Ex: if if your jokes gets favorable attention, tendency to tell jokes increases

Question 16

How unconditional and conditional love are related to congruent and incongruent self-concept?

Answer 16

Unconditional love (from parents) fosters congruence

Conditional love (from parents) fosters incongruence

Conditional love leads to a need to distort experiences, which fosters an incongruent self-concept

Question 17

What does it mean when i say that according to behavioral theory, ones personality is dynamic?

Answer 17

Personalities are shaped by the option that not only does the environment we live in affect our personalities but we can choose our environments

Learn through observation

Dynamic in that our environments help shape our personalities, and our personalities then feedback in the environment we choose to be in

Question 18

In-grouping

Answer 18

A group that one belongs to and identifies with

Question 19

Out-grouping

Answer 19

A group that one does not belong to or identify with

Question 20

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 20

Refers to observers bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others behavior

Question 21

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 21

Exists when related cognitive are inconsistent–that is when they traditional each other

Question 22

Conformity

Answer 22

Occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure

Question 23

Obedience

Answer 23

form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

Question 24

Bystander effect

Answer 24

People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone

Question 25

Implicit association test

Answer 25

Measures how quickly people associate carefully chosen pair of concepts

Ex: prejudice against blacks. Liked faces are pared with positive words and vice versa

Question 26

Social penetration theory

Answer 26

As relationships develop, communication moves from relatively shallow, non intimate levels to deeper, more personal ones

Question 27

Diagnosis

Answer 27

Involves distinguishing one illness from another

Question 28

Etiology

Answer 28

Refers to apparent causation and developmental history of an illness

Question 29

Prognosis

Answer 29

Forecast about the probable course of an illness

Question 30

Anxiety disorders

Answer 30

A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety

Question 31

Concordance rate

Answer 31

Indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder

Question 32

Dissociative identity disorder

Answer 32

Involves the coexistence n one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities

Question 33

Schizophrenic disorders

Answer 33

Class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior

Question 34

Three criteria used to judge whether a behavior s abnormal or not

Answer 34

Deviance: straying away from the norms and expectations of society

Ex: winter clothes in the summer

Maladaptive behavior: types of behaviors that inhibit a persons ability to adjust to particular situations.

Ex: anger had to take out frustration which inhibits the ability to actually solve the problem

Personal distress: depressed or anxious behavior and not content with their life
Ex: person telling friends about how they hate their life and everything sucks

Question 35

Somatoform disorders

Answer 35

Physical ailments largely due to psychological factors (not faking)

Question 36

5 main anxiety disorder symptoms and causes

Answer 36

Causes for all: biological factors, cognitive factors, conditioning, and learning, stress,

Generalized anxiety disorder: nonspecific, chronic worrying
Females > males

Panic disorder: sudden overwhelming anxiety attack
Leads to isolation

Phobic disorder: persistent and irrational fear of an object that presents no true danger

Post traumatic stress disorder: nightmares, flashbacks, anger and guilt, elevated anxiety. All can be from traumatic events like war, car accident

Obsession compulsive disorder: urges to engage in senseless rituals,for example checking to see you locked a door over and over to compensate for your feeling of forgetting to lock your door

Question 37

How do biological, behavioral, and cognitive factors contribute to the development of anxiety disorders?

Answer 37

Biological: concordance rates ex: identical 37%/fraternal 15%
Neurotransmitter abnormality
GABA and serotonin

Behavioral:
Conditioning and learning; anxiety responses acquired by closed conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning

Cognitive: patterns of thinking 
Make vulnerable to anxiety disorders
1. Interpretation 
2. Attention
3. Recall