Final Exam (Chapter 9 to 14) Flashcards
Conduct Problems
A wide range of age-inappropriate actions and attitudes of a child that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of others.
Antisocial Behaviours
A broad term used to describe conduct problems that range from minor disobedience to fighting.
Social and Economic Costs
Early, persistent, and extreme patterns of antisocial behaviour occur in about 5% of children, but they account for over 50% of all crime in the US and 30-50% of clinic referrals.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behaviour, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months and exhibited during interaction with at least one individual who is not a sibling.
Conduct Disorder (CD)
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behaviour in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested in symptoms of aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious violations of rules.
Childhood-Onset Conduct Disorder
Display at least one symptom of conduct disorder before age 10, tend to be boys, show more aggressive symptoms, and persist in their behaviour over time.
Adolescent-Onset Conduct Disorder
Do not display symptoms of conduct disorder before adolescence, as likely to be girls as boys, and do not display as much severity or psychopathology.
What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?
APD is an adult disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, as well as engagement in multiple illegal behaviors.
What are Psychopathic Features?
Psychopathic features are a pattern of callous, manipulative, deceitful, and remorseless behavior displayed by adolescents with CD or APD.
What is the CU interpersonal style?
The CU interpersonal style is a callous and unemotional style characterized by an absence of guilt, lack of empathy, uncaring attitudes, shallow or deficient emotional responses, and related traits of narcissism and impulsivity.
What are the characteristics of youths with CD and LPE?
The DSM-5 uses the specifier “with limited prosocial emotions (LPE)” to describe youths with CD who display a persistent and typical pattern of interpersonal and emotional functioning involving at least two of the following three characteristics: lack of remorse or guilt, callous—lack of empathy, and unconcerned about performance.
What are the cognitive and verbal deficits associated with CD?
Verbal IQ is consistently lower than performance IQ in children with CD, suggesting a specific and pervasive deficit in language. Children with both verbal deficits and family adversity display four times as much aggressive behavior as children with only one factor. CD children also show deficits in executive functioning.
What are the school and learning problems associated with CD?
Many young children display patterns of disruptive behavior long before they enter school, so it is likely that a common factor underlies both conduct problems and school difficulties. Subtle early language deficits may lead to reading and communication difficulties, which in turn may heighten conduct problems in elementary school.
What are the family problems associated with CD?
General family disturbances include parental mental health problems, family history of antisocial behavior, marital discord, family instability, limited resources, and antisocial family values. Specific disturbances in parenting practices and family functioning include excessive use of harsh discipline, lack of supervision, lack of emotional support and involvement, and parental disagreement about discipline.
What are the peer problems associated with CD?
The combination of early antisocial behavior and associating with deviant peers is a powerful predictor of conduct problems during adolescence. Friendships between antisocial boys are abrasive, unstable, of short duration, and not very productive. Reactive-aggressive children display a hostile attribution bias, while proactive-aggressive children are more likely to display emotional underarousal, view their aggressive actions as positive, and value social goals of dominance and revenge rather than affiliation.
What are the self-esteem deficits associated with CD?
Aggressive children may overestimate their social competence and acceptance by other children. Any perceived threat to their biased view of self may lead to aggressive behavior, which provides a way to avoid a lowering of self-concept.
What are the health-related problems associated with CD?
Youths with conduct problems engage in many behaviors that place them at high risk for health-related problems, including personal injuries, illnesses, sexually transmitted diseases, and substance abuse.
Accompanying Disorders: ADHD
More than 50% of children with CD also have ADHD
Two lines of research suggest that they are distinct disorders
Accompanying Disorders: Depression and Anxiety
About 50% of youths with conduct problems also have depression or anxiety
Co-occurring anxiety has been identified as a protective factor that inhibits aggressive behavior
Prevalence and Gender
Lifetime prevalence estimates are 12% for ODD and 8% for CD. Boys have higher rates of conduct problems than girls, with an earlier age of onset and greater persistence
What is the Developmental course?
Difficult temperament in early childhood may indicate conduct problems later. Most children with CD add new forms of antisocial behavior over time. About 50% of children with CD improve over time
What is the Life-Course-Persistent Pathway?
aggression and antisocial behavior from early age continuing into adulthood, perpetuated by its own consequences and family history of externalizing disorders.
What is the Adolescent limited path
antisocial behavior beginning around puberty, continuing into adolescence, but ceasing during young adulthood.
What are Adult Outcomes for conduct disorders?
Outcomes depend on type and variety of conduct problems, number and combination of risk and promotive factors in child, family, and community. Significant number of children with conduct problems continue to experience difficulties as adults, including criminal behavior, psychiatric problems, social maladjustment, health and employment problems, and poor parenting.
In causes, what is the role of genetic influences for conduct disorders?
adoption and twin studies indicate 50% or more of variance in antisocial behavior is attributable to heredity for both males and females, parents pass on general liability for externalizing disorders to their children.
In causes, what is the role of prenatal factors and birth complications in conduct disorders?
malnutrition during pregnancy, maternal drug or alcohol use, mothers’ smoking during pregnancy.
In causes, what is the role of neurobiological factors in conduct disorders?
Gray’s behavioral activation system (stimulates behaviour in response to signals of reward or nonpunishment) and behavioral inhibition system (produces anxiety and inhibits ongoing behaviour in the presence of novel events, innate fear stimuli, and signals of nonreward or punishment)
What is the role of social-cognitive factors in conduct disorders?
social-cognitive abilities involve skills in attending to, interpreting, and responding to social cues. Dodge and Pettit propose cognitive and emotional processes play a central mediating role: children are presumed to develop social knowledge about their world based on a unique set of predispositions, life experiences, and sociocultural contexts, which they then use to guide their processing of social information in ways that lead directly to certain behaviours
How can positive parenting practices affect children’s genetic risk for antisocial behavior?
Positive parenting practices may reduce the influence of a child’s genotype on later antisocial behavior, while negative parenting practices can have the opposite effect.
Are family difficulties related to both ODD and CD?
Yes, family difficulties are related to the development of both ODD and CD, with a stronger association for children on the LCP as compared with those on the AL path.
Which is a stronger predictor of later conduct problems: hostility between parents or interparental disengagement and low levels of interparental cooperation?
Hostility between parents is a stronger predictor of later conduct problems than interparental disengagement and low levels of interparental cooperation.
Can contact with an absent father be both a risk and a protective factor for antisocial behavior?
Yes, contact with an absent father can be either a risk or a protective factor depending on whether or not the father is antisocial.
What is the reciprocal influence theory?
The reciprocal influence theory is the theory that a child’s behavior is both influenced by and itself influences the behavior of other family members.
What is coercion theory?
Coercion theory is a developmental theory proposing that coercive parent-child interactions serve as the training ground for the development of antisocial behavior.
What are some examples of four-step escape-conditioning sequences proposed by coercion theory?
According to coercion theory, a child learns how to use increasingly intense forms of noxious behavior to escape and avoid unwanted parental demands through four-step escape-conditioning sequences.
Are there relationships between children with conduct problems and parent/societal standards?
Children with conduct problems often show little internalization of parent and societal standards.
Is there a relationship between children with insecure/disorganized attachments and the development of antisocial behavior during childhood and adolescence?
Yes, there is a relationship between children with insecure/disorganized attachments and the development of antisocial behavior during childhood and adolescence.
Are families of children with conduct problems often characterized by an unstable family structure?
Yes, families of children with conduct problems are often characterized by an unstable family structure, with frequent transitions, including changes in parents and changes in residence.
What is the amplifier hypothesis?
The amplifier hypothesis states that stress amplifies the maladaptive predispositions of parents, thereby disrupting family management practices and compromising parents’ ability to be supportive of their children.
Are antisocial individuals likely to be effective parents?
No, antisocial individuals are likely to be ineffective parents.
Are children’s aggression correlated with their parents’ childhood aggression at the same age?
Yes, children’s aggression is correlated with their parents’ childhood aggression at the same age, and this relationship is particularly clear for fathers
What do theories of social disorganization propose?
Theories of social disorganization propose that community structures impact family processes that then affect the child’s adjustment.
Are adverse contextual factors associated with poor parenting?
Yes, adverse contextual factors (e.g., low SES) are associated with poor parenting, particularly coercive and inconsistent discipline and poor parental monitoring.
What does the social selection hypothesis state?
The social selection hypothesis states that people who move into different neighborhoods differ from one another before they arrive, and those who remain differ from those who leave.
Can a good school environment partially compensate for poor family circumstances?
Yes, a good school environment may partially compensate for poor family circumstances.
What are the short term and long term effects of exposure to media violence?
Exposure to media violence can be both a short term precipitating factor for aggressive and violent behaviour that results from priming, excitation, or imitation of specific behaviours, and a long term predisposing factor for aggressive behaviour acquired via desensitization to violence and observational learning of an aggression-supporting belief system.
What are some cultural factors that contribute to antisocial behavior in the US?
Minority group status and ethnicity are risk factors for antisocial behaviour in the US.
What are some restrictive approaches to treating and preventing antisocial behavior, and what are their limitations?
Restrictive approaches such as residential treatment, inpatient psychiatric hospitalization, and incarceration also show little effectiveness, are associated with worse physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood.
When should early-onset antisocial behavior be treated as a chronic condition?
If early-onset antisocial behaviour is not changed by the end of grade 3, it might best be treated as a chronic condition, much like diabetes, which cannot be cured but can be managed or contained through ongoing treatment.
What is the underlying assumption of Parent Management Training (PMT)?
The underlying assumption of PMT is that maladaptive parent-child interactions are partly responsible for producing and sustaining the child’s antisocial behavior.
What does PMT teach parents?
PMT teaches parents to change their child’s behavior at home and in other settings.
With which age group has PMT been most effective?
PMT has been most effective with parents of children younger than 12 years of age and less so with adolescents.
What is PSST?
PSST is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on the cognitive deficiencies and distortions displayed by children and adolescents with conduct problems in interpersonal situations.
What are the five problem-solving steps taught in PSST?
The child is taught to use five problem-solving steps to identify thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in problem social situations:
- What am I supposed to do?
- I have to look at all my possibilities.
- I had better concentrate and focus.
- I need to make a choice.
- I did a good job or I made a mistake.
What is Multisystemic Therapy (MST)?
MST is an approach to treatment that attempts to address the multiple determinants of problematic behavior by involving family members, school personnel, peers, juvenile justice staff, and others in the child’s life and by drawing on multiple techniques.
What are the main assumptions of preventative interventions?
The main assumptions of preventative interventions are:
- Conduct problems can be treated more easily and more effectively in younger than in older children.
- By counteracting risk factors and strengthening promotive factors at a young age, it is possible to limit or prevent the escalating developmental trajectory of increased aggression, peer rejection, self-esteem deficits, conduct disorder, and academic failure that is commonly observed in children with childhood-onset conduct problems.
- Preventative interventions will reduce the substantial costs to the educational, criminal justice, health, and mental health systems that are associated with conduct problems.
Q: What is a mood disorder?
A mood disorder is a disorder characterized by extreme, persistent, or poorly regulated emotional states.
What are the two major types of mood disorders?
The two major types of mood disorders are depressive disorders and bipolar disorders.
What is dysphoria?
Dysphoria is a state of prolonged bouts of sadness.
What is anhedonia?
Anhedonia is a state in which a person feels little joy in anything they do and loses interest in nearly all activities.
What is irritability?
Irritability refers to easy annoyance and touchiness, characterized by an angry mood and temper outbursts.
What is mania?
Mania is an abnormally elevated or expansive mood, increased goal-directed activity and energy, and feelings of euphoria, which is an exaggerated sense of well-being.
How many children and adolescents in the US suffer from significant depression each year?
More than 3 million children and adolescents in the US suffer from significant depression each year.
Why is depression in children often overlooked?
Depression in children is often overlooked because disruptive behaviors attract more attention and are more easily observed than internal, subjective suffering.
What is major depressive disorder?
Major depressive disorder is a disorder characterized by depressed or irritable mood, loss of interest or pleasure, other symptoms, and significant distress or impairment in functioning that has a minimum duration of two weeks.
What is persistent depressive disorder or dysthymia?
Persistent depressive disorder or dysthymia is a disorder characterized by depressed or irritable mood, generally fewer, less severe, but longer-lasting symptoms than MDD and significant impairment in functioning.
What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is a disorder characterized by frequent and severe temper outbursts that are extreme overreactions to the situation or provocation and chronic, persistently irritable or angry mood that is present between the severe temper outbursts.
What are the lifetime prevalence estimates for depression?
The lifetime prevalence estimates for depression are 11%-20%.
What percentage of young people with depression have one or more other disorders?
90% of young people with depression have one or more other disorders.
What are the most frequent co-occurring disorders in youths with MDD?
The most frequent co-occurring disorders in youths with MDD are anxiety disorders, particularly generalized anxiety disorders, specific phobias, and separation anxiety disorders.
What is stress sensitization?
Stress sensitization occurs when externally produced changes in the brain can be conditioned so that following the first depressive episode, individuals are increasingly vulnerable to stress, and even nonsevere stress or minor events that resemble loss or stress experiences may result in depression.
Who is more likely to suffer from depression, males or females?
Females are twice as likely to suffer from depression than males.
