Final Exam: Chapter 2 Face & Senses Flashcards
sympathetic innervation of the EYE
T1 –>superior cervical ganglion –> follows internal carotid artery –> levator palpabrae, dilator pupillae (upper eyelid)
parasympathetic innervation of the EYE
CN III (occulomotor) –> ciliary ganglion –> ciliary muscles, sphincter pupillae
CN VII (facial) –> pterygopalantine ganglion –> lacrimal gland
conjuctiva
coninous membrane that coversinside of eyelids
tarsal plates
thick fascial core of eyelids
palpabrae fissure
opening of eyelids
lacrimal gland location
upper, outer orbit
conjuctival sacs
lacrimal gland ducts enter here
tear migration
medially: lacrimal punctum–> lacrimal duct –> conjuctival sacs
pharynx location
hangs from occipatal bone, in front of cervical vertebrae
pharynx is continuous with the ___
esophagus
esophagus is continuous with the ____
pharynx
layers of pharynx
inner mucosa, middle fibrous tissue, outer muscular layer
pharynx communicates anteriorly with ____, ____, and ____
nasal cavity, mouth, larynx
nasopharynx opens anteriorly into the ____ by the ____
nasal cavity, choanae
nasopharynx uses the ____ to communicate with the ___ ear
tympanic (eustachian) tube, middle ear
oropharynx extends from the ____ to the ____
soft palate to the hyoid bone
oropharynx connects to the mouth via the ___
fauces
fauces
arch connecting mouth to pharynx
laryngopharynx extends from ___ to ___
hyoid to esophagus
opening of larynx is located in the ____
wall of the proximal laryngopharynx
epiglottis
protects opening of larynx
pharyngeal tonsil (#, type of tissue, location)
- single
- lymphoid tissue
- posterior wall of top of pharynx
palantine tonsil (#, type of tissue, location, description)
- paired
- lymphoid tissue
- depression at fauces’ base
- upper and lower pole, thick, fibrous base, easily removed
lingual tonsil (#, type of tissue, location)
- paired
- lymphoid tissue
- posterior tongue
tympanic tube
connects nasopharynx to middle ear, allows infection to spread into middle ear
tympanic tube originates on _____ and terminates on ____
lateral wall of pharynx, terminates on medial wall of middle ear
tympanic tube is part of ___ ____ bone
petrous temporal bone
tympanic tube ‘s medial 2/3 are supported by ___
cartilage
tympanic tube is lined by ___
mucosa
mouth is divided into these 2 parts
vestibule and oral cavity (mouth proper)
vestibule is located btwn ___ and ___
lips and teeth & gums
vestibule contains the opening to
parotid gland duct (opposite 2nd molar)
oral cavity contains this muscle
tongue
oral cavity has a roof (___), floor (___) and 2 walls (___)
palates, below tongue, teeth
roof of oral caivty is made of
hard and soft palate
hard palate of mouth cavity is made of
palantine processes of maxilla and 2 palantine bones
soft palate of mouth cavity is
musculofibrous
uvula
non-functional, hangs from posterior border of soft palate
floor of mouth cavity is lined with ___ and contains ducts to __(#) ___
mucosa, 2 salivary glands
tongue
muscular organ with specialized mucosa containing taste buds
musculature of tongue is divided into these groups
Intrinsic muscles (make up tongue body)
- alter shape of tongue
- vertical, longitudinal and transverse
Extrinsic muscles
- for communication & digestion
- Genioglossus (pulls tongue forward, O: genial tubercle on inside of mandible, I: tongue base)
- Hyoglossus [2] (depresses tongue laterally, O: hyoid bone, I: tongue side)
- Styloglossus (elevates and retracts tongue, O: styloid process, I: tongue side)
- Palatoglossus (elevates tongue, O: side of palate, I: tongue)
Extrinsic muscles of tongue
- for communication & digestion
- Genioglossus (pulls tongue forward, O: genial tubercle on inside of mandible, I: tongue base)
- Hyoglossus [2] (depresses tongue laterally, O: hyoid bone, I: tongue side)
- Styloglossus (elevates and retracts tongue, O: styloid process, I: tongue side)
- Palatoglossus (elevates tongue, O: side of palate, I: tongue)
Intrinsic muscles of tongue
- alter shape of tongue
- - vertical, longitudinal and transverse
papillae
specialized processes in unique mucosa of tongue
frenulum
mid-line of tongue, tethers tongue to floor
sulcus terminalis
v-shaped groove, separates anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue
motor innervation of tongue muscles
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) —- exception: palatoglossus is innervated by vagus nerve (CN X)
sensory innervation of tongue (general & taste)
General
- anterior 2/3 = CN V (trigeminal)
- posterior 1/3 = CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
Taste Innervation
- anterior 2/3 = CN VII (facial)
- posterior 1/3 = CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
salivary glands (# & function)
3 pairs (parotid, sublingual, submandibular) , secrete saliva into mouth to moisten and digest food
parotid gland (location, secretion, innervation)
salivary gland
location: front of ear
secretion: by 2nd molar, serous
innervation: CN IX (glossopharyngeal) –> otic ganglion –> parotid
sublingual gland (location, secretion, innervation)
salivary gland
location: floor of each mouth side, lateral to submandibular
secretion: by small openings onto mouth floor OR into submandibular ducts
innervation: CN VII (facial) –> submandibular ganglion –> sublingual gland
submandibular gland (location, secretion, innervation)
salivary gland
location: jaw angle
secretion: ducts run under tongue and open near frenulum, mixed serous and mucous secretion
innervation: CN VII (facial) –> submandibular ganglion –> submandibular gland
each half-jaw contains __ teeth
8 teeth, (3 molars, 2 premolars, 2 incisors, 1 canine)
jaw & teeth innervation
upper jaw + teeth = CN V2 (trigeminal - maxillary)
lower jaw + teeth = CN V3 (trigeminal - mandibular)
larynx
connects oropharynx and trachea, part of airway, connected proximally to epiglottis, below hyoid
cartilage skeleton divided into external and internal skeleton
organ of phonation
larynx
external skeleton of larynx
THYROID CARTILAGE
- largest cartilage, shaped like a shield
- hyaline cartialge
- superior horn approaches hyoid
- inferior horn articulates with cricoid
CRICOID CARTILAGE
- signet ring shape, wide posteriorly
- articulates with inferior horn of thyroid
adam’s apple
thyroid cartilage prominence
cricothyroid ligament
btwn hyoid and cricoid structures anteriorly
TRIANGULAR MEMBRANE/CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT/CONUS ELASTICUS
- lower border = attached to cricoid
- upper border = true vocal cords
- ligamentous
- attached to vocal processes and to inside of thyroid cartilage
internal skeleton of larynx
ARYTENOIDS
- paired, pyrimidal structures
- articulate with posterior cricoid
- rotate horizontally
- anterior processes = vocal processes
- vocal cords attach to vocal processes
- post-lateral muscular process
EPIGLOTTAL CARTILAGE
- elastic, racket-shaped
- attached to front of thyroid catilage
- lined with respiratory epithelium
- drops when swallowing to close off laryngeal opening (thyroid cartilage raises)
cricothyroid muscle
of larynx, pulls forward to tighten and increase pitch
membranes of larynx
QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE
- upper membrane
- anteriorly attached to epiglottis sides and thyroid
- posteriorly attached to arteynoids
- lower border = false vocal cords
TRIANGULAR MEMBRANE/CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT/CONUS ELASTICUS
- lower border = attached to cricoid
- upper border = true vocal cords
- ligamentous
- attached to vocal processes and to inside of thyroid cartilage
false vocal cords
- made of quadrangular membrane
- above and lateral to real vocal cards
conus elasticus
TRIANGULAR MEMBRANE/CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT/CONUS ELASTICUS
- lower border = attached to cricoid
- upper border = true vocal cords
- ligamentous
- attached to vocal processes and to inside of thyroid cartilage
rima glottidis
- aperture btwn vocal cords
- muscles on arytenoids, cricoid and thyroid cartilages change the width of opening and the tension on vocal cords
cricothyroid muscle
largest muscle controlling larynx
motor innervation of larynx
Most Larynx Muscles: CN X (Vagus) –> recurrent laryngeal nerves
Cricothyroid: CN X (Vagus) –> external laryngeal nerve
sensory innervation of larynx
Above Vocal Cords: CN X (Vagus) –> superior laryngeal nerves
Below Vocal Cords: CN X (Vagus) –> recurrent laryngeal nerves
sternomastoid muscle
divides anterior an posterior triangles of neck turns head to opposite side O: manubrium, medial clavicle I: mastoid process of temporal bond innervated by CN XI (Spinal Accessory)
Scalene Muscles of Neck
Anterior, Middle & Posterior
raise thoracic cage as 2ndary respiration muscles
O: transverse process if middle to lower cervical vertebrae
Anterior I: scalene tubercle
~~subclavian artery passes thru~~
Middle I: behind anterior on scalene tubercle
Posterior I: 2nd rib
Innervated by small twigs of cervical nerves
Muscles of Mouth Floor
MYLOHYOID - elevates hyoid - floor of mouth, raphe in the middle O: mandible I: hyoid innerv: CN V3 (trigeminal - mandibular)
DIGASTRIC
- elevate hyoid, depress mouth
- anterior & posterior bellies go through tendinous loop at top of hyoid
- posterior belly runs down mastoid process
- anterior belly runs down side of genial tubercle
innerv anterior: CN V3 (trigeminal - mandibular)
innerv posterior: CN VII (facial)
STYLOHYOID - elevates hyoid O: styloid I: hyoid innerv: CN VII (facial)
muscles of mastication
TEMPORALIS - closes mouth - occupies temporal fossa, passes thru zygomatic arch I: coronoid mandible process innerv: CN V3 (trigeminal - mandibular)
MASSETER - closes mouth O: zygomatic arch I: ramus of mandible innerv: CN V3 (trigeminal - mandibular)
MEDIAL PTERYGOID - closes mouth O: lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid I: jaw angle innerv: CN V3 (trigeminal - mandibular)
LATERAL PTERYGOID - jaw protrusion O: lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid I: neck of mandibular condyle innerv: CN V3 (trigeminal - mandibular)
** ALL innervated by CN V3 (trigeminal - mandibular)
muscles of pharynx
SUPERIOR CONSTRICTOR
O: medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphe
I: pharyngeal raphe (posteriorly)
MIDDLE CONSTRICTOR
O: stylohyoid ligament, hyoid bone
I: pharyngeal raphe (posteriorly)
INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR
O: thyroid/cricoid cartilage
I: pharyngeal raphe (posteriorly)
- ALL innervated by CN XI (Spinal Accessory)
- ALL insert on pharyngeal raphe (posteriorly)
muscles of face
BUCCINATOR
- moves food in mouth
O: pterygomandibular raphe
I: mouth corner
ORBICULARIS ORIS
- protrudes lips
- surrounds mouth
ORBICULARIS OCCULI
- closes eyes
- surround orbit
** ALL innervated by CN VII (facial)
muscles of scalp
FRONTALIS
O: eyebrows
I: Fronto-occipital aponeurosis (thick layer of fascia)
OCCIPITALIS
O: occipital bone
I: Fronto-occipital aponeurosis (thick layer of fascia)
layers of scalp
Skin Connective Tissue Aponeurosis Loose Connective Tissue Peritoneum (bone)
nose functions
outside = warm and moisten air inside = organ of smell, upper portion of airway
external nose
2 nasal bones & 2 hyline cartilages
septal cartilage
interior septum of nose, units with bony septum
- 2 lateral plates: attach to nasal bones
alar cartilage
tip of nose, distal to lateral nose cartilage
internal nose
sphenoid, ethmoid, vomer, palantine bones
septum of nose
vomer, vertical plate of ethmoid, septal cartilage and alar cartilage
cribiform plate
roof of nose (along with sphenoid), ethmoid
floor of nose
palantine bone and maxilla bone
conchae
lateral walls of nose, create meatuses
- superior & middle conchae = ethmoid bone
- inferior conchae = individual bone
spheno-ethmoidal recess
above superior conchae
- house olfactory mucosa
meatuses
inferior, middle and superior
created by conchae
drain into inferior meatus
nasolacrimal duct
drains into inferior meatus, duct of orbit
___ and ___ drains into inferior meatus drainage
meatuses, orbit (nasolacrimal duct)
___ and ___ drains into spheno-ethmoidal recess
air sinus, sphenoid sinus
___ drains into superior meatus drainage
posterior ethmoid sinus
___, ___ and ___ drains into superior meatus drainage
frontal sinus, anterior ethmoid sinus and maxillary sinus
external ear
lateral 1/3 = cartilage, medial 2/3 = bony
acoustic canal from auricle to tympanic membrane
acoustic canal
opening to external ear
ear drum
tympanic membrane, end of external ear
middle ear
chamber in temporal bone
- contains osssicles, entrance to auditory tube, connection to mastoid air cells and round & oval windows
ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes (proximal to distal)
articulate with each other
connect tympanic membrane to oval window
transmits sound waves to inner ear
internal ear
bony and membranous labyrinths, cochlea, vestibular apparatus
bony labyrinth
internal ear
filled with perilymph
membranous labyrinth
internal ear
filled with endolymph
cochlea
sense organ of hearing
innerv by CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)
vestibular apparatus
balance organ
innerv by CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)
