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Anatomy $ Physiology Mid Term > Final Exam Ch 7-10 > Flashcards

Final Exam Ch 7-10 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. It supports and stabilizes surrounding tissues
  2. Protects vital organs of the body
  3. It assists in body movements by providing attachments for muscles
  4. It manufactures blood cells. (Hematopoiesis)
  5. It is a storage area for mineral salts, calcium and fats in yellow marrow
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2
Q

Two types of Ossification (formation of bone by osteoblasts)

A
  1. Intramembranous Ossification
  2. Endochondral Ossification
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3
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Dense connective tissues membranes are replaced by deposits of inorganic calcium salts

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4
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Cartilage is the environment in which the bone cells develop

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5
Q

Why diet can affect bone development in children and bone maintenance In older adults

A

Still required to intake calcium for our bones because the bones need it. Helps keep bones strong and healthy.

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6
Q

Histology of compact bone

A
  1. Compact or dense bone is strong and solid
  2. Cancellous or spongy bone has many open spaces filled with bone marrow
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7
Q

The Haversian System

A

Named after Clopton Havers

Haversian canals are small canals containing blood vessels running parallel to the surface of compact bone

In the ring of bones, are cavities called Lacunae. Each lacuna contains an osteocyte.

Lacunae are connected to one another. Also to the osteons by smaller canals called canaliculi

The tissue fluid that circulates in these canals Carrie’s nutrients and oxygen to and waste away from the bone cell

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8
Q

Cancellous Bone

A

Consists of a mesh work of bone called trabeculae.

Trabeculae creates the spongy appearance of cancellous bone.

The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with bone marrow

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9
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

It’s function is hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells)

In adults, the ribs, vertebrae, sternum and pelvis contain red bone marrow in their cancellous tissue

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10
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Is found in shafts of long bones with their cancellous tissue

Stores fat cells

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11
Q

Bone Markings

A

Certain projections called processes like the spine, condyle, tubercle, trochlea, trochanter, crest, line, head and neck

Depressions called fossae. Examples are suture, foramen, meatus or canal, sinus or antrum, and sulcus

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12
Q

What are bone markings

A

Are functional in that they can help join one bone to another, provide a surface for attachments of muscles, or a passageway into the bone for blood vessels and nerves

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13
Q

Cranial Bones

A

Consists of the frontal bone, two parietal bones, occipital bone, and two temporal bones, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, 6 auditory ossicles and sutural bones

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14
Q

Facial Bones

A

Consists of two nasal bones, two palatine bones, two maxillary hones, two zygomatic bones, two lacrimal bones, two turbinates, one vomer bone and the mandible (lower jaw)

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15
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Includes the facial and cranial bones, spine, torso chest bones, sacrum, coccyx

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16
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Collar bones, extremities, and pelvis

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17
Q

Highest arch on foot

A

Medial longitude arch is the biggest. Other two are lateral longitude and transverse arch

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18
Q

Three types of joints

A

Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, and Diarthroses (Synovial) Joints

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19
Q

Synarthroses Joints

A

Do not allow movement.

Three examples are suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis.

A suture is a joint in which the bones are joined by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue

A sydesmosis joint is in which bones are connected by ligaments between bones.

Gomphosis consists of a conical process in a socket held together by ligaments like a tooth.

20
Q

Ampiarthroses Joints

A

Only allow slight movements.

Examples are symphysis and a synchondrosis.

A synchondrosis is a joint where two bony surfaces are joined by a hyaline cartilage like a growth plate

21
Q

Diarthroses or Synovial Joints

A

Are freely moving joints

The capsule of the joint can be made up of a number of different tissues

Characterized by a capsular structure with internal cavity

They wear weight and allow movements

22
Q

6 types of Diarthroses

A

The ball and socket joint slows the widest range of movement

Hinge Joints limits movement to flexion and extension

Pivot Joints limits movement to rotation in one plane

The condyloid joint or ellipsoidal joint allows motion in two planes

The saddle joint found only in the thumb

Gliding joint allows only gliding motion (intervertebral joints)

23
Q

Capsular nature of a Synovial Joint

A

Construction in a form of a capsule made of ligaments, tendons, muscles, and articulate cartilage.

Ligaments can reinforce in the capsule.

Will be lined on the inside with Synovial membrane

24
Q

3 types of bursae

A

Subcutaneous Bursae

Subfascial Bursae

Subtendinous Bursae

25
Q

Bursaes

A

are closed sacs with Synovial membrane lining that prevents friction between overlapping tissues

26
Q

Subcutaneous Bursae

A

Are found between skin and underlying bony processes

27
Q

Subfascial Bursae

A

are found where muscles overlie one another

28
Q

Subtendinous bursae

A

Are found where one tendon overlies another or overlies a bony projection

29
Q

Movements of Synovial Joints

A

Flexion, extension, hyper extension, Doris flexion, pronation, supination , inversion, elevation… pretty much all the damn movements

30
Q

Disorders of Joints

A

Bursitis, Lateral Epicondylitis, Arthritis, Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Primary Fibrositis, Osteoarthritis, GOUT, sprain, slipped disk, dislocation, gingivitis, hyperextension, dislocated hip

31
Q

Anatomy of skeletal muscles

A

Skeletal muscle cells is surrounded by an electrically polarized cell membrane called a sarcolemma

Muscle consists of a number of skeletal muscle bundles called fasciculi

Each fascicle is made of a number of muscle fibers

Each muscle cell is surrounded by connective tissue called endomysium

Each fascicle is surrounded with another layer of connective tissue called perimysium

Epimysium is the last layer of tissue surrounding the muscle

Fascia is on top of the epimysium

Dark bands of thick protein called myosin (A bands)

Light bands of thin protein called actin (I bands)

Z line is in the middle of an I band
H Line is in the middle of an A band

Sarcomata is the area between two adjacent Z lines

Function of T tubules is the rapid transmission of a nerve impulse

32
Q

Differences between anatomy of smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

Smooth muscle is found in hollow structures like intestines, arteries, veins and bladder. Controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Smooth muscle cells are involuntarily. Smooth muscles has two layers.

Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Cardiac muscle cells are involuntarily.
Muscles can contract, relax then receiver another impulse. 75 times a minute.

Skeletal muscles cells are voluntarily, striated cells that are much longer than their width. Also muscle fibers.

33
Q

Physiology of muscle contraction

A

All muscle cells by the same motor neuron are called a motor unit

Muscle cells have 4 properties (Excitability, Conductivity, Contractility, Elasticity)

Muscle contraction is caused by interaction of 3 factors
1.Neuroelectrical
2. Chemical
3. Energy Sources

34
Q

Muscle Tone

A

Tone is that properly of a muscle in which a state of partial contraction is maintained thru the muscle.

Maintains pressure on the abdominal contents, help main blood pressure in blood vessels, and aids in digestion.

35
Q

Two types of muscle contractions

A

Isotonic contraction

Isometric contraction

36
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Occurs when muscles become shorter and thicker as when lifting a weight and tension remains the same

37
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Covers when tension increases but the muscles remain at a constant length as when we push against a wall

38
Q

Major superficial muscles

A

Deltoid, biceps, pectoralis major, serratus major, external oblique, flexors of hands, sternocleidomastoid,
Masseter, Frontalis, temporalis, trapezius, soleus, sartorius

39
Q

Subdivisions of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

40
Q

PNS subdivisions

A

Somatic Division & Autonomic Division

41
Q

Somatic Division

A

Sensory neurons sensory information from skin, skeletal muscles and joints

Motor neurons motor impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

42
Q

Autonomic Division

A

Sensory neurons sensory information from visceral organs to CNS

Motor neurons motor impulses from CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands

43
Q

CNS systems

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

44
Q

Neuroglia cells

A

Astrocytes (star shaped cells that wrap around neurons for support in the brain and spinal cord)

Oligodendroglia (look like small astrocytes, they form connective like tissue rows for support)

Microglia (small cells that do phagocytosis of microbes and cellular debris)

Ependymal Cells (line the fluid filled ventricles of the brain. Produce CSF fluid.

Schwann cells (form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS system

45
Q

Neuron

A

Is composed of a cell body with a. Nucleus and other intracellular organelles

46
Q

Dendrites

A

Are extensions of cell body and are the receptive areas of the neuron

47
Q

Axon

A

A si bf e long extension of the cell body that begins as a Slight enlargement

Anatomy $ Physiology Mid Term (2 decks)

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