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Motor Development > Final exam ch 15-18 > Flashcards

Final exam ch 15-18 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the reasons why children want to participate in organized youth sports?

A

To improve their skills, to have fun, to be with friends, to be part of a team, to experience excitement, to receive awards, to win, to become fit.

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2
Q

What are the reasons why children quit youth sports?

A

For interpersonal problems, to pursue leisure activity, to pursue other sports, or because it is not fun.

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3
Q

What are the changes that children would make to youth sports?

A

Make practices more fun, more playing time, no conflict with studies, and better coach-player interaction.

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4
Q

What is “spearing” in football?

A

Outlawed tackling technique in which the helmet is used as a weapon.

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5
Q

“Little League elbow”

A

Overuse injury from repeated forces being applied to the medial and lateral structures of the elbow. Pain occurs on elbow’s medial side. Common in young baseball pitchers.

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6
Q

Reducing body weight through rapid dehydration

A

Extremely dangerous and should never be done. Without adequate body fluids, the cells, kidneys, blood, and sweating mechanisms cannot function properly.

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7
Q

What is the primary reason provided for coaching youth sport leagues?

A

Personal enjoyment, skill development of players, character development of players, and personal challenge.

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8
Q

What percentage of volunteer coaches lack the necessary formal preparation to coach?

A

90%

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9
Q

What is the most popular interscholastic sport for boys?

A

Football

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10
Q

What is the most popular interscholastic sport for girls?

A

Track and Field

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11
Q

Rare disability where something goes wrong during fetal development causing joints to fuse and muscles to atrophy. A structural deficit. Children with this have deficit that doesn’t allow them to bend their knees and elbows

A

Arthrogyrposis

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12
Q

The Neuromaturation theory

A

Suggests that development is primarily biologically driven. Believes that environment has little to do with development. Motor delays related to central nervous system.

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13
Q

Muscle problem where one muscle group is firing all the time

A

Spacticity

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14
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Complete severation at the cervical spinal level, paralysis in all four limbs (loss of sensation, movement, reflexes)

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15
Q

Paraplegia

A

Complete severation at the thoracic level, paralysis in the legs. (spinal cord injuries)

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16
Q

What are the major purposes of the cerebellum?

A

To assist in maintenance of muscle action, and receive and integrate all sensations received from the sensory systems. Promote consistent and smooth activation and control between paired agonist and antagonist muscles.

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17
Q

What happens with Asthenia?

A

Skeletal muscles tire quickly after minor activity

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18
Q

What is apraxia?

A

A disorder of motor planning, or difficulty carrying out non-habitual, purposeful movement. Damage to cerebrum. They appear to be clumsy and poorly coordinated, particularly when learning new motor task.

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19
Q

How does memory work?

A

It is a system that holds information for future processing and allows information to be recognized and movement plans to be created or recalled.

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20
Q

Peripheral level of memory, limitless capacity

A

Short-term sensory

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21
Q

Mid range memory, limited capacity of 7 items for 30-60 seconds

A

short-term memory

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22
Q

Memory with Unlimited capacity, can stay permanently

A

Long-term memory

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23
Q

The vestibular system

A

Located in the inner ear, stimulated in response to gravity. Normal vestibular function facilitates balance and equilibrium, stabilization of the eyes when the head if moving, and enhanced sensory organization.

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24
Q

What happens when the vestibular system is damaged?

A

abnormal muscle tone, limited postural security and postural control, poor balance, poor eye pursuit, seeking or avoiding swinging/spinning, and motion sickness.

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25
Q

Mental Retardation

A

Intellectual disability. A disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.

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26
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

A genetic disorder that can lead to developmental delays, reduced muscle tone, increased join flexibility, reduced muscle strength, and heart and respiratory problems.

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27
Q

What is athetoid Cerebral Palsy?

A

Characterized by low muscle tone and inconsistent muscle activation. Athetoid muscles feel flaccid and soft and are easily stretched, resulting in a slow, writhing movement.

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28
Q

What is spastic Cerebral Palsy?

A

Most common type, 80% of all CP. Characterized by constant muscle activation to certain muscle groups (usually agonist muscles such as biceps and quadriceps), resulting in high muscle tone. Spastic muscles feel hard or tight and resist being stretched, which can slow down and limit movement.

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29
Q

By age 80 or shortly thereafter, postural control may look like that seen in children between what ages?

A

6 and 9

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30
Q

What accounts for the most accidental deaths among the elderly in the United States

A

Falls

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31
Q

One of the most important strategies to reduce falling in the elderly is what?

A

maintain a physically active lifestyle

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32
Q

Older walkers are more prone to making contact with which part of the foot when walking?

A

Flat foot

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33
Q

What is a common technique employed by the elderly to overcome balance deficits of later life during walking?

A

Out-toeing

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34
Q

What is polypharmacy?

A

Condition where older people are over-medicated. This can result in a negative interaction among drugs, which in turn can lead to dizziness or difficulty in balance.

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35
Q

What is the most common source of death from sport participation for older adults?

A

Bicycling (290 per year)

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36
Q

What typically declines with age throughout adulthood?

A

Physiological functional capacity

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37
Q

What are ADLs?

A

Activities of daily living.

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38
Q

last-in-first-out hypothesis

A

Suggests that the neural and muscular capability to perform simple movement acts is developed early in life and appears to somewhat resist decline with aging.

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39
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Experienced in older adults, painful or difficult breathing, which can lead to fear of overexertion.

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40
Q

What is postural sway?

A

A nearly imperceptible back-and-forth motion designed to assist the body in maintaining an upright or standing position

41
Q

What are the best activities for older adults?

A

Aerobic activity, muscle-strengthening activity, flexibility activity, and balance exercise

42
Q

What are the purposes of assessments?

A

Screening, program content, student progress, program evaluation, and classification

43
Q

What makes a test valid?

A

If it measures what it claims to measure

44
Q

What makes a test reliable?

A

If the student scores do not significantly vary from day to day, assuming that the students have not received additional information.

45
Q

How to reduce test anxiety

A

comfortable test environment, meet physical needs, meet psychological needs

46
Q

What are the measures of central tendency?

A

Mean, median, and mode.

47
Q

Measures of variability

A

Describe the spread of scores, standard deviation. Describes the degree to which the scores vary about the mean of the distribution.

48
Q

What do normal or skewed distributions show?

A

Whether or not a certain score is above or below the average, and where they rank in standard deviations away from the average.

49
Q

What are norm-referenced assessment instruments?

A

Quantitative evaluations designed to compare a person’s skills and abilities with those of others from similar age, gender, and socioeconomic groups. Sometimes called psychometric

50
Q

What is criterion-referenced assessment instructions?

A

Evaluates the “quality” of a person’s performance. Compares people to themselves over time, along a continuum through predictable sequence of milestones. (good form)

51
Q

What is a Product-oriented assessment?

A

In this, the examiner is more interested in performance outcomes than the technique used to perform the task (how far ball is thrown)

52
Q

What is a Process-oriented assessment?

A

Identifies the developmental characteristics of body parts within a task (form)

53
Q

FITNESSGRAM

A

Become the most widely used instrument for the assessment of health-related physical fitness for youth and young adults (5-25). Currently used at more than 6,000 schools around country.
Criterion-referenced instrument assesses aerobic capacity, body composition, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility.

54
Q

the brockport physical fitness test

A

Designed to assess the health-related fitness of youths 10-17 years old who have various disabilities. Criterion-referenced, scores are compared with carefully developed standards rather than national averages. Provides criteria for disabilities such as: visual impairments, spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy, and congenital anomalies or amputations.

55
Q

What is the President’s Challenge?

A

The program is designed for Americans ages 6 and up, allows participants to receive one of four rewards (top is 85% or above). Based on normative data

56
Q

What is the most common injury in soccer?

A

Contusions/skin abrasions (in thigh/leg)

57
Q

What are some ways to reduce competitive stress in sport?

A

Change something about the sport so that success will occur more frequently than failure, skill training, place winning or losing the contest into perspective ( should not have too much emphasis on winning), and helping each child set realistic goals.

58
Q

Female coaches vs male coaches

A

9 out of 10 youth sport coaches are men, and only half of female teams are coached by women.

59
Q

Factors that contribute to the imbalance of male-female coaching

A

societal factors such as one-parent families, usually a mother (not enough time to coach)

60
Q

Football injuries

A

Rate of injury increases as players mature in age and grade level. 65% to offensive players, 35% to defensive players. runningbacks and the backs had greatest risk of injury. NFL has 90% injury rate per year.

61
Q

Most common football injury

A

Fractures in hand/wrist

62
Q

the linear distance in the plane of progression between successive points of foot to floor contact of the same foot.

A

stride length

63
Q

The distance between successive point of floor to floor contact of alternate feet

A

step length

64
Q

By 2030, the number of traffic fatalities will likely triple as a result of a four-fold increase in the number of drivers of what age?

A

over 85

65
Q

suggests that more coordinated, goal oriented, or complicated movements that are developed later in life are often the first to decline

A

last-in-first-out hypothesis

66
Q

walking patterns

A

Gait

67
Q

a description of the progression of physiological or mental changes that lead to associated changes in human movement, even driving skill and frequency.

A

Mobility consequences model

68
Q

the interval from presentation of an unanticipated stimulus until the beginning of a response.

A

Reaction time

69
Q

the interval from the initiation of a movement until its termination.

A

Movement time

70
Q

tasks that involve relating one signal at one position to a response at another position, like releasing a button when a light comes on.

A

Spatial transpositions

71
Q

a tactic common among skilled older adults to overcome existing movement deficits.

A

speed/accuracy trade-off

72
Q

According to Goldberg, this is the approximate overall injury rate (percentage) among youth football participants.

A

6%

73
Q

Authorities recommend that young children not take part in competitive sports until this age (in years).

A

8

74
Q

Commotio cordis is most common in boys younger than this age (in years).

A

16

75
Q

Fastest growing recreational sport in the United States.

A

in-line skating

76
Q

Category of youth activity with the largest enrollment.

A

agency-sponsored sports

77
Q

Number one reason on children say that they participate in sports.

A

have fun

78
Q

Least important reason why children participate in sport.

A

to win

79
Q

a neurological disorder that affects the brain input to the muscles.

A

cerebral palsy

80
Q

damage to the spinal cord that results in partial or full paralysis.

A

spina bifida

81
Q

a structural difference that does not allow the child to develop the same pattern of movement as peers who do hat have disabilities.

A

structural delay

82
Q

a point of view that supports the notion that movement and movement disorders are not solely controlled by the central nervous system or by cognitive processes.

A

Dynamical systems theory

83
Q

an inability to smoothly coordinate movement associated with cerebellar damage.

A

Ataxia

84
Q

a disorder of motor planning related to damage to the cerebellum; characterized by difficulty in carrying out non-habitual, purposeful movement.

A

Apraxia

85
Q

a condition, often a result of damage to memory structures of the brain, where the strategies that normally facilitate cognitive processing do not work.

A

Mediation deficits

86
Q

a cluster of disabilities, including autism, that affect communication, behaviors, and social skills.

A

Pervasive developmental disorder

87
Q

viewing the child much like a computer, the most common explanation provided for how the brain receives and processes information.

A

Information processing model

88
Q

a condition where the child does not use cognitive strategies to facilitate movement performance, but there is no fundamental damage to the portions of the brain that process information

A

production deficit

89
Q

slurred speech

A

Dysarthria

90
Q

Legal blindness is defined as? whereas normal vision is?

A

20/200 vision. Normal = 20/20

91
Q

Sometimes referred to as interrater reliability

A

Objectivity

92
Q

A form of assessment used to determine if an individual should be referred for further testing

A

Screening

93
Q

A health-related physical fitness instrument that incorporates a modified pull-up test

A

NCYFS II

94
Q

The most important characteristic of an ideal test

A

Validity

95
Q

Plus and minus one standard deviation unit around the mean encompasses what percentage?

A

approx. 68% of population

96
Q

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development II

A

normed-reference assessment instrument

97
Q

SIGMA is an example of what kind of assessment

A

process-oriented

98
Q

The Test of Gross Motor Development-2 can be used with children between what ages?

A

3 and 12 years

99
Q

The most widely used instrument for assessing health-related physical fitness

A

FITNESS GRAM/ACTIVITY GRAM

Motor Development (1 decks)

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