Final Exam (Based on study guide provided) Flashcards
Compare the electronegativity of N, H, C, O, and S.
O>N>C-S-H
What are ionic bonds?
The transfer of electrons between atoms
What are covalent bonds?
The sharing of electrons between atoms.
What is a polar covalent bond?
The unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
The equal sharing of electrons between atoms
What are hydrogen bonds?
Weak bonds between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an atom with a partial negative charge.
What is the role of electronegativity in forming ionic bonds?
The lower the number of valence electrons, the lower the electronegativity of the molecule. The higher the number of valence electrons, the the electronegativity of the atom. The atom with high electronegativity will steal an electron and the atom with low electronegativity will lose an electron.
What is the role of electronegativity in forming polar covalent bonds?
An atom with higher electronegativity will pull the shared electron closer to itself, giving it a partial negative charge. The atom with lower electronegativity will have a partial positive charge.
What is the role of electronegativity in forming nonpolar covalent bonds?
If both atoms have similar electronegativity, electrons will be shared equally and no charge will be created.
What is the role of electronegativity in hydrogen bonds?
The hydrogen atom has a partial + charge, so it is attracted to an atom of another molecule with a partial negative charge. No electrons are actually shared.
What does is mean when a molecule is hydrophobic?
The molecule has little to no polar bonds, meaning it is less likely to interact with water molecules.
What does it mean when a molecule is hydrophilic?
A molecule has multiple polar bonds, making it interact easily with water molecules.
What is the formula for an amino group?
NH2
What is the formula for a carboxyl group?
COOH
What is the formula for a hydroxyl group?
-OH
What is the formula for a phosphate group?
PO4 ^3-
What is the formula for a methyl group?
-CH3
How does protein structure relate to function?
The structure of a protein is determined by its amino acid sequence, making the structure responsible for protein function.
What are the primary roles of proteins?
Acting as enzymes and hormones
What is an amino acid made of?
An amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, a central carbon atom, and an R side chain
When is a molecule acidic?
When it has a negative charge
When is a molecule basic?
When it has a positive charge
When is an R side chain polar?
When it has an O or N atom
When is an R side chain nonpolar?
When it consists of mostly C-H bonds
What side of a peptide is the N-Terminus?
The side with the amino group
What side of a peptide is the C-Terminus?
The side with the carboxyl group
What is a protein’s primary structure?
The amino acid sequence
What is a protein’s secondary structure?
a-helices and B-pleated sheets
