Final Exam Anatomy I Flashcards
List the functions and basic components of the lymphatic system.
Components:
Lymph- fluid
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic tissue
Lymphatic organs
Functions:
Recover fluid lost from blood capillaries, guard against pathogens (immunity), and absorb lipids from small intestine.
Explain how lymph is formed.
Clear, colorless fluid
Similar to blood plasma; low in lymphatic vessels, supplies lymphocytes to blood stream, lymph in intestine is chyle.
Explain what makes lymph flow through the lymphatic vessels.
Name the major types of cells in the lymphatic system and state their functions.
Describe the types of lymphatic tissue.
Describe the anatomy and lymphatic- immune function of the red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen.
Define immune system and explain its relationship to the lymphatic system.
Identify the body’s three line of defense against disease agents.
Distinguish between innate and adaptive immunity.
Describe the embryonic origins of the lymphoid organs.
Describe some common disorders of the lymphatic and immune systems.
a. Autoimmune diseases- immune attack of own tissues
i. Examples: insulin-dependent
diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis.
b. Allergies- exaggerated immune responses.
c. Immunodeficiency diseases- failure of immune responses.
Describe changes in the lymphatic system that occur with old age.
a. Quality of red marrow, lymphatic tissue, and thymic hormones decline.
i. Fewer helper T cells, slower
responses to antigens,
increased incidence of cancer.
ii. Poorer discrimination of
antigens result in increase in
autoimmune disease
incidence.
State the functions of the respiratory system.
Name the principal organs of this system.
Distinguish between the conducting and respiratory divisions.
Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
Trace the flow of air from the nose through the larynx.
Describe the action of the vocal cords in speech.
Trace the flow of air from the trachea to the pulmonary alveoli.
Relate the microscopic anatomy of the pulmonary alveoli to their role in gas exchange.
Describe the relationship of the pleurae to the lungs.
Identify the muscles that ventilate the lungs and describe their respective roles.
Describe the prenatal development of the respiratory system.
Identify the functions of the digestive system.
Describe the changes that occur in the respiratory system in old age.
Describe some common respiratory disorders.
Identify the layers of the wall of the digestive tract.
Describe the enteric nervous system.
Name the mesenteries and describe their relationship to the digestive system.
State the names and locations of the salivary glands.
Describe the location and function of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles.
Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the stomach.
Describe the nerve and blood supply to the stomach.
Explain how the stomach is protected from digesting itself.
Describe the structural adaptations of the small intestine for digestion and nutrient absorption.
Describe the functions of the liver and bile.
Describe the prenatal development of the digestive tract, liver, and pancreas.
Define and describe some common disorders of the digestive system.
Name and locate the organs of the urinary system.
List several functions of the kidneys in addition to urine formation.
Define excretion.
Identify the major nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys.
Identify the major external and internal features of the kidney.
Trace the flow of blood through the kidney.
Trace the flow of fluid through the renal tubules.
State the function of each segment of a renal tubule.
Describe the functional anatomy of the ureters, urinary bladder, and male and female urethra.
Describe the embryonic development of the urinary system.
Describe the degenerative changes that occur in old age.
Describe the causes and effects of renal failure.
Briefly define or describe several urinary system diseases.
