FINAL Exam

Question 1

When concepts and constructs are related to each other and purposely combined to form a unit. In this perspective, it refers to a scheme that specifies the steps in a process.

Answer 1

Framework

Question 2

process of evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to penetrate.

Answer 2

Market targeting:

Question 3

arranging for a product or program to take a clear, distinctive, and desirable place comparable to competing products or programs for nutrition and health services for the same clients or community; for example, physical activity could be framed as a form of relaxation, not exercise, to women age 55 years or older.

Answer 3

Market positioning:

Question 4

use of marketing concepts and tools to increase the acceptability of social ideas or practices. It employs a consumer orientation, audience analysis and segmentation, and aspects of exchange theory in seeking to increase the acceptability of a behavior in a target group

Answer 4

Social marketing:

Question 5

is the systematic design, collection, analysis, and reporting of data and findings relevant to a specific marketing situation or problem facing an organization.

Answer 5

Marketing research

Question 6

a formal process that instructs or trains individuals in a nutrition-related skill

Answer 6

Nutrition education

Question 7

a fund awarded to individuals or an organization for research, educational, or demonstration programs. The monies are used to support new innovative programs or expand existing programs to meet community healthcare needs.

Answer 7

A Grant

Question 8

include office space and staff time

Answer 8

In-kind donations

Question 9

the study of the nature and justification of principles that guide human behaviors and are applied when moral problems arise

Answer 9

Ethics

Question 10

those general judgements that serve as a basic justification for the particular ethical prescriptions and evaluations of human actions

Answer 10

Basic ethical principles

Question 11

the foundations for rules

Answer 11

principles

Question 12

“Balancing risk and benefits”
Usually includes acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation
Do no harm
Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms

Answer 12

Beneficence

Question 13

“Fairness in distribution” or “What is deserved”

Answer 13

Justice

Question 14

Two moral requirements:
Acknowledge autonomy
Protect those with diminished autonomy
In studies, participation must be voluntary and adequate risks and benefits must be disclosed to participants and allow them to ask questions and withdraw at any time

Answer 14

Respect for persons

Question 15

obtain data by studying the mass media, Use of in-depth narrative interviews

Answer 15

Collecting Subjective data

Question 16

collecting and analyzing data from available demographic and health statistics to prepare the community diagnosis and problem list

Answer 16

Objective: collected to determine what is known about the community’s population in total compared with what is known about individuals, usually gathered from registrar or clerk.

Question 17

a collection of activities intended to produce a particular outcome. Activities focus directly on nutrition issues or on health problems. The overall purpose is to improve the health of the community or public.

Answer 17

Purpose of a program

Question 18

Evaluation is defined as the methods used to determine

Answer 18

• whether a service is needed and likely to be used,
• whether it is conducted as planned,
• whether the service actually helps the purpose, and
• whether objectives are carried out or planned activities are completed

Question 19

occurring at an endpoint, provides retrospective information about the performance of the program and is conducted at the completion of the program, assesses changes in behaviors, attitudes, knowledge, or health status indicators such as morbidity, mortality, risk behaviors, and others. AKA impact evaluation, which measures the immediate effects of the program on participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.

Answer 19

Summative (Outcome) evaluation

Question 20

answers the question: Was the program implemented as planned? It centers on program activities instead of outcomes.

Answer 20

Process evaluation:

Question 21

assessing the resources used in providing the nutrition program

Answer 21

Structural evaluation

Question 22

provides support for outcome evaluation because the interpretation of program outcomes depends on an understanding of the program as it happens. Also refers to evaluation of settings in which the program is carried out and includes materials, qualifications of the staff, organizational structure, and factors related to program delivery, such as the training of personnel and equipment. Evaluation is based on the assumption that, given a proper setting with adequate equipment, good nutrition programming will be achieved.

Answer 22

Structural evaluation

Question 23

This includes items such as the budget, the program organization, distributing educational materials to all the participants in a timely manner, accurately anticipating the number of people attending a lunch or after-hours workshop, and whether the facilities were accessible.

Answer 23

Process evaluation:

Question 24

stresses that a gain in new knowledge leads to changes in attitude, which, in turn, result in improved dietary behavior or practices.

Answer 24

Knowledge-Attitudes-Behaviors

Question 25

Knowledge-Attitudes-Behaviors must be what

Answer 25

For changes in attitude and behavior to occur, the knowledge provided must be motivational. Awareness-knowledge enhances motivation

Question 26

gives framework; model that provides a comprehensive guide to planning and implementing health promotion activities in nine phases

Answer 26

PRECEDE-PROCEED

Question 27

PRECEDE-PROCEED first 5 and last 4

Answer 27

the first five involve diagnosis or needs assessment, and the last four involve implementation and evaluation

Question 28

the health behavior change process is gradual, continuous, and dynamic. People do not immediately change from old to new behaviors; instead, they progress through a sequence of five discrete states:

Answer 28

Transtheoretical or Stages of Change Model

Question 29

TTM 5 stages

Answer 29

precontemplative, contemplative, preparation, action, maintenance.

Question 30

emphasizes perceived threat as a motivating force and perceived benefits (fewer barriers) as a preferred path to action.

Answer 30

Health Belief Model (HBM)