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Digital Ecosystem Infrastructure > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

IT architecture

A

The IT Infrastructure is basically a standardized set of products, that we connect together into a network that then supports our IT Application Landscape, and that IT Application Landscape creates a set of Business Capabilities, and those Business Capabilities support our Business Model (value for customer).

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2
Q

IT architecture provides

A

Standardization & consistency

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3
Q

IT architecture components

A

Software, hardware, network

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4
Q

IT architecture model

A

Customer value needs -> business capabilities -> IT app landscape -> App architecture -> integration platform -> Infrastructure products -> network

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5
Q

IT Application Architecture

A

Layered logical design

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6
Q

Layered logical design

A

The application is structured into multiple layers so the different tasks that need to be done are logically grouped together based on what they do for the application

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7
Q

Sub layers

A

Logical layers are split into sub layers that perform very specific tasks

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8
Q

Is Business Model a component of IT architecture?

A

Business model is NOT a component of the IT architecture, however, the IT architecture is in place to support the business model (or creating value for customers)

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9
Q

What is standardization?

A
  • We need to actually be able to support all of the software running so standardizing infrastructure products (becoming standard IT infrastructure) is key
  • The reason to have this structured process is everything ultimately supports our business model or how we create value for our customers
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10
Q

How does IT architecture provide consistency?

A

IT architecture provides consistency by defining a standardized set of infrastructure products, all the infrastructure products will work seamlessly to enable business capabilities

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11
Q

Logical design support Reusability how?

A

The logical grouping (logical layers) groups similar app tasks together. These components once created can be reused. Then we don’t need to reinvent capabilities of an application over and over again.

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12
Q

Presentation Layer

A
  • First layer

- Users interact with this layer, manages interaction

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13
Q

Business Layer

A
  • Second Layer

- implements the core functionality of the system, and encapsulates the relevant business logic

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14
Q

Data Layer

A
  • Third layer

- The Data Layer exposes generic interfaces that the components in the business layer can consume.

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15
Q

Services Layer

A
  • This layer provides services to external systems

- When external clients need support from an application directly, this layer provides an alternative view

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16
Q

Physical Layer

A
  • The physical layer consists of tiers. Tiers describe the physical distribution of the functionality and components on separate servers, computers, networks, or remote locations.
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17
Q

heart beat signal

A

a periodic signal generated by hardware or software to indicate normal operation or to synchronize other parts of a computer system. Usually a heartbeat is sent between machines at a regular interval in the order of seconds

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18
Q

presentation layer components

A

Presentation logic, UI

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19
Q

business layer components

A

Application Façade, Workflow, Business components, business entities

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20
Q

data layer components

A

Data Access components, Data Utilities, Service Agents

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21
Q

when is a services layer needed

A

To be able to push data out to external systems

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22
Q

how does the services layer communicate

A

A service-based solution can be seen as being composed of multiple services, each communicating with the others by passing messages

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23
Q

n-tier architecture

A

The functionality of a system can be distributed amongst many different systems in the n-tier architecture

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24
Q

Mapping layers to tiers

A

Tiers to layers are 1:1, there is a presentation tier, business tier. Etc. It is possible to locate more than one layer on the same tier.

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25
Q

heartbeat signal

A

A heartbeat is a periodic signal generated by hardware or software to indicate normal operation or to synchronize other parts of a computer system. Usually a heartbeat is sent between machines at a regular interval in the order of seconds; a heartbeat signal, The failover cluster switches from active to passive server by using heartbeat signal.

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26
Q

middleware

A

Is software that provides common services and capabilities to applications outside of what’s offered by the operating system aka software Glue

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27
Q

why is middleware used

A
  • In theory, C/S Architectures allow hardware and software from any vendor to be used together, however, this is rarely true in practice
  • A standard way of translating between software from different vendors is achieved by using middleware
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28
Q

failover cluster

A

A failover cluster is a set of servers that are configured in such a way that if one server becomes unavailable, another server automatically takes over for the failed server and continues processing

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29
Q

when is failover clustering used

A

Failover clustering is typically used with database servers.

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30
Q

why use failover clustering

A

A distribution pattern that provides a highly available infrastructure tier to protect against loss of service due to the failure of a single server or the software that it hosts

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31
Q

Process for designing applications

A

When designing an application, the first task is to Focus on the highest level of abstraction and start by grouping functionality into layers.

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32
Q

Two types of backbone networks

A

routed backbones and virtual LANs

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33
Q

Advantage of routed backbones

A

The main advantage is LAN segmentation

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34
Q

How do virtual LANs assign LAN segments

A

Software

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35
Q

Virtualization

A

is software that mimics & simulates hardware, enabling virtual CPU, memory, storage, networking, etc. to create a virtualized hardware layer.

36
Q

On top of virtual software

A

OS and apps can be installed.

37
Q

Below virtual software

A

The actual hardware layer

38
Q

virtual machine

A

a virtual computer that is running on top of virtualized hardware

39
Q

How to duplicate VMs

A

With virtualization, the entire operating system and application environment is stored on a virtual disk, which can be easily duplicated to create new VMs

40
Q

Can you add storage through virtualization

A

By virtualization you CANNOT add more storage space than underlying hardware. You are limited to the hardware minus the overhead of virtualization.

41
Q

Can you add processing and memory resources through virtualization

A

Servers using full virtualization CANNOT use more of the computer’s processing and memory resources than is physically installed on the computer

42
Q

What can be created with virtualization?

A

USB Key, Storage, Network Interface Card

43
Q

building block of cloud computing

A

virtualization

44
Q

Are VMs highly portable?

A

Virtual machines are highly portable, allowing IT to quickly migrate them between physical machines

45
Q

Solution for OS incompatibility

A

Desktop virtualization can enable the use of applications that only run on an older version of an OS when the user’s desktop is running a newer version

46
Q

Bare metal virtualization architecture

A

Hypervisor directly on the hardware, guest OS in the VMs

47
Q

Hosted Virtualization Architecture

A

Requires the use of a Host Operating System

48
Q

SaaS

A

application software that’s hosted in the cloud and that you access and use via a web browser, a dedicated desktop client, or an API that integrates with your desktop or mobile operating system

49
Q

SaaS Consumer Control

A

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings

50
Q

Is logical isolation between clients possible in SaaS?

A

Yes

51
Q

In SaaS does the provider provide a unique execution environment for each customer for the same application?

A

No

52
Q

SaaS example

A

salesforce.com

53
Q

PaaS

A
  • As a service delivery of tools for development, deployment, hosting and application maintenance
  • Provides on-demand platform—hardware, complete software stack, infrastructure, and even development tools—for running, developing, and managing applications without the cost, complexity, and inflexibility of maintaining that platform on-premises
54
Q

PaaS Consumer Control

A
  • the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.
  • the settings of deployed applications
55
Q

PaaS Provider Control

A 
hosts everything (hardware) at their data center
the underlying cloud infrastructure
storage and networking components.
56
Q

How does PaaS work?

A

Developers pick from a menu to ‘spin up’ servers and environments they need to run, build, test, deploy, maintain, update, and scale applications

57
Q

PaaS example

A

Google App Engine

58
Q

IaaS

A
  • As a service delivery of virtual CPUs, disk space, and database servers
  • The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, etc where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications
59
Q

IaaS Consumer Control

A

operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).

60
Q

IaaS Provider Control

A

underlying cloud infrastructure

61
Q

IaaS example

A

AWS

62
Q

IaaS advantage

A

Resource Wastage eliminated

63
Q

iPaaS

A

Cloud based Integration platform as a service. Allows applications that reside on the cloud or on-prem to integrate and have data flow freely between them.

64
Q

iPaaS example

A

Boomi

65
Q

Private Cloud

A

The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization comprising multiple business units

66
Q

Private cloud premise

A

It may be owned, managed, and operated by the organization, a third party, or some combo of them, and it may exist on or off-premises

67
Q

Private cloud benefits

A

Security and control benefits make it feasible for orgs with compliance concerns such as HIPAA Compliant Hosting and PCI

68
Q

Public Cloud

A

provisioned for open use by the general public

69
Q

public cloud premise

A

Exists on the premises of the cloud provider

70
Q

Public cloud benefits

A

cost effective, scalable, user-friendly and reliable benefits

71
Q

Community Cloud

A

provisioned for exclusive use by a specific community of consumers from organizations that have shared concerns

72
Q

Hybrid Cloud

A

2 or more distinct cloud infrastructures that remain unique entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability

73
Q

Change control

A

formalized organizational process requiring every change to a production network or server being reviewed and approved or rejected. Works in tandem with configuration management.

74
Q

Change control benefits

A

Forces updated documentation
enables tracking and auditing
Maintains system integrity

75
Q

COBIT

A

A governance framework by ISACA for guiding IT processes to be structured and driven by widely adopted proven ways of managing IT. 40 governance objectives.

76
Q

COSO ERM

A

framework is widely accepted risk management standards that organizations use to help manage risks

77
Q

Five components of COSO ERM

A

control environment, risk assessment, information and communication, monitoring activities, and existing control activities

78
Q

ISO 2700

A

International Organization for Standardization series providing recommendations for establishing, implementing, operating, monitoring, reviewing, maintaining, and improving an Information Security Management System

79
Q

ISO 2700 certification benefit

A

Compliance with ISO standards enables certification for companies giving clients more assurance their data is safe

80
Q

ITL4

A
  • Set of detailed practices for IT service management focused on aligning IT services with business needs
  • Provides guidance on how to use IT as a tool to facilitate business change, transformation and growth
  • Advocates IT and digital services are aligned to the business needs and support its core objectives and goals
81
Q

Benefits of layered approach

A

Layers in a logical design support reusability of components. This enables many advantages during implementation including modularity, simplicity, maintainability, flexibility, and scalability. It is also designed to maximize performance.

82
Q

Cloud computing definition

A

on-demand access, via the internet, to computing resources—applications, servers (physical & virtual), data storage, development tools, networking capabilities, and more—hosted at a remote data center managed by a CSP.

83
Q

NIST Cloud computing definition

A

a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

84
Q

Cloud Framework 5 Essential Characteristics

A 
Broad network access
Resource pooling
Rapid elasticity
On-demand self-service
Measured service
85
Q

4 Benefits of a layered approach

A
  1. Reusability - dont need to reinvent capabilities
  2. Makes it easier to go from design to actual implementation
  3. Advantages during implementation - modularity, simplicity, maintainability, flexibility, scalability
  4. Maximize performance
86
Q

6 threats to cloud security

A 
Data loss and leakage
Account service & traffic hijaking
Malicious insider
Misconfiguration of security settings and buckets
Insecure APIs
Shared technology vulnerabilities
87
Q

4 ways to protect cloud

A

Firewalls
Network segmentation
CDN provider
Multi region & vendor

Digital Ecosystem Infrastructure (1 decks)

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