final exam Flashcards
professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg. instigator of the Reformation. German
Martin Luther
Spanish secular polyphonic song, syllabic, homophonic rustic subjects ABA structure
Villancico
What different national traditions of secular songs developed in the sixteenth century?
The Spanish polyphonic villancico developed. Italian
three-voice carnival song, church song lauda,
the satirical frottola, and most importantly the madrigal. The french chansons also had new developments such as syllabic, abandoning formes fixes. German Lieder, consort song with viols and singers
Trace the development of the Italian madrigal, including both earlier and later sixteenth century features
The madrigal in the early sixteenth century was much different than other previous versions. Through composed. Included text painting, homophony, counterpoint, and overlapping sections. Four voices were standard. Texts of high quality by poets. Sentimental to erotic subjects. By the mid- 16th century madrigals had added a 5 voice ,texture changes, and introduced chromaticism. By the late 16th century, composers freely alternated homophony and imitative or free polyphony and used more contrast of dissonance and consonance.
How did music printing affect musical composition and distribution in the sixteenth century?
Music became a commodity, their was a heightened demand for music that amateurs could perform, and increasing expectation of musical literacy that first appeared in the upper class but spread to the middle class later.
How did the Reformation shape music in newly established Lutheran and Calvinist churches?
Leaders of the reformation wanted to involve worshippers more directly, through congregational singing and services presented in the vernacular rather than latin. So the chorale, metrical psalm, anthem, and service were created for the churches of the reformation
How did the Renaissance follow a different path in England from the rest of Europe? Include a discussion of the late Renaissance English madrigal.
The “Renaissance was a Later English Phenomenon. Henry V111 founded the Church after the Pope refused divorce request. Edward V1 shifted completely to protestant doctrines, rise of puritans. His half sister Mary returned to Catholicism. Queen Elizabeth 1 revived protestantism but tolerated private Catholic worship. Throughout the 16th century England maintained an active Secular music tradition. Kin Henry’s second wife Anne Bolyen, both composers. Elizabeth 1 avidly supported music. There was a late 16th century fashion for Italian culture. Italian madrigals were sung in aristocratic/middle=class homes. New english style developed that was lighter but still with text painting. English Madrigal school produces 40 volumes of madrigals. 1588-1627. Composers Thomas Morley and Thomas Weelkes
How did Catholic music and musicians respond to the Reformation
Overall Catholic music maintained the same ideas of previous works. Music was not changed to vernacular and worshippers were not invited to participate more. There was debate at at Trent on whether polyphony should be banned because it can obscure the text. No direct answer only that The solution was that music should emphasize text and be free of instruments that were considered “profane.” The Council eliminated almost all tropes and sequences leaving only four sequences.
Describe several factors that contributed to the rise of instrumental music in the sixteenth century
Printing caused a rise in musical literacy, growing supply of compositions. Also more music was deemed worthy of preservation, it was cultivated by patrons, churches, and amateurs. There came a rise in new instruments (harpsichord, vinuela, violins) new roles for instrumental music, (musicians accompanied dances which were important social events), and new techniques for embellishment/improvisation.
Describe several music instruments and genres of the sixteenth century.
The lute was the most popular instrument. It consisted of six strings and used tablature. The viols (bowed instruments in treble, tenor, bass. The Clavichord- a small keyboard instrument that produces a softer more delicate sound by metal blades attached to the ends of key levers that press the strings. A few genres included variations, preludes, and sonatas. Variations were varients on a theme from a chant or other popular tune. Preludes were an introductory piece for a solo instrument often improvised. Sonatas were works composed for an ensemble of instruments.
What are some ways that sixteenth century music relates to text?What are some ways that music can express textual meanings?
Sixteenth century composers used text painting to make music overtly sound out meaning of the text. One example of how music can express textual meaning this way is how Cipriano de Rore used minor thirds on his lyrics you go alas, and one voice for the word alone. Chromaticism was also used by composers of the sixteenth century to show emotion. The sharp contrasts of dissonances can express shock, sadness, or just a general change in tone.
Describe some way in which sixteenth century music debates over the roper shape of secular music relate to modern day worship wars.
One relevant argument over worship music that carried over to the modern day from he council of Trent is what instruments should be included in worship. There are a wide variety of different music traditions within denominations from no instruments to electric guitars for contemporary worship. Another source of debate that is still relevant today is how much group participation should be included in worship. Some churches today have choirs while others have focus more on the congregation.
homophonic settings of strophic Italian poetry, syllabic, earthy texts, court
frottola
General term for settings of Italian poetry emerging in 1520, texts of high quality, subjects sentimental to erotic
Italian Madrigal
Lighter style of madrigal, but still with text painting.
English madrigal
music overtly sounds out the meaning of the text
text painting
movement to revive poetic ideals of Francesco Petrarch 14th century poet. influenced 16th century madrigals.
Petrarchan movement
Italian secular genre, lively strophic, homophonic, rustic
villanella
abandons formes fixes, light, fast, strongly rhythmic, homophonic, following text rhythms, love, drinking, syllabic
Parisan chanson
chansons imitating Greek poetic rhythms. Longer syllables=longer note values, shorter syllables=shorter note values
Musique mesuree
english, solo voice plus consort of instruments. William Byrd
consort song
book of english madrigal possibly honoring Anne of Denmark or Elizabeth. 25 madrigals by 23 composers
The Triumphs of Oriana
solo song with lute accompaniment. Serious, strophic, tablature, John Dowland
lute song
monophonic hymn melody, Lutheran
chorale
The substituting one text for another without substantial change to the music. In this case German
contrafactum
Calvinist simple, rhymed, strophic monophonic psalms, collected in psalter
metrical psalms
a published collection of metrical psalms
psalters
only permitted prayer book under Edward V1 contained liturgy, marriages, morning and evening prayers
Book of common prayers
Queen Elizabeth 1’s chapel (32 men, 12 boys) high standards
Chapel Royal
