Final Exam Flashcards
What are the goals of Phase I?
What are some examples of approaches you could utilize for Phase I?
Establishment of connection
Building core relationship
Expression of empathy
Development of trust
Person-Centered
Humanistic-Existential
Constructivist
What are the goals of Phase II?
What are some examples of approaches you could utilize for Phase II?
Interpretation of the behaviour
Identification of themes
Analysis of the problem
Tracking of sources
Cognitive & Cognitive-Behavioural Rational-Emotive Adlerian Analytical Psychoanalytic Existential Meaning-Based Behavioural
What are the goals of Phase III?
What are some examples of approaches you could utilize for Phase III?
Interventions for reenactment
Catalysts for change at all levels
Neurological integration of trauma
Personal/relational transformation
Gestalt “Power Therapies” (EMDR, OEI, EFT) Body Therapies Spiritual Conversion/Awakening/ Transformation/Maturation
If you want to tackle observable behaviour, which approaches would you use?
Behavioural
Some cognitive-behavioural
If you want to tackle cognition, which approaches would you use?
Rational-Emotive
Cognitive & Cognitive-Behavioural
Psychoanalytic & Analytic (including TA)
Adlerian
If you want to tackle affect, which approaches would you use?
Gestalt
“Power Therapies” (EMDR, OEI, EFT)
Person-Centered
Hypnotherapy
If you want to tackle spirituality, which approaches would you use?
Humanistic-Existential
Meaning-Based Therapies
Spiritual Conversion/Healing/Maturation
What are the main aspects of person-centered psychotherapy?
Warmth, genuineness, unconditional positive regard, affirmation, constructivism, active listening, reflecting, clarifying, empathizing, validating, NOT implying intent.
What are the main aspects of existential therapy?
Shattered assumptions (in God, others, own self), meaning in life, religious conversion & maturation, epiphanies of insight.
What are the main aspects of rational-emotive therapy?
Triple-column technique, challenging cognitive distortions.
Activating events
Beliefs
Consequent emotions
What are the main aspects of behavioural therapy?
Children: Reinforcers (negative, positive, punishments, time-out from reinforcement), differential reinforcement for successive approximations, shaping, chaining.
Adults: Analysis of discriminative stimuli and anticipatory anxiety patterns, reinforcement histories and current life/relationship reinforcers, modelling & role-playing with videotape analysis and feedback, approach-avoidance conflicts.
Couples: Fear of intimacy/trust issues, “triggers” & cycles, behaviour logs & checklists, genograms with reinforcement, histories, differential reinforcement of successive approximation.
What are the main aspects of cognitive and cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy?
Systematic desensitization and cognitive activation, thought-stopping & switching, C.H.E.A.P B.F.V analysis, analysis of self-talk, tracking of cognitive distortions, cognitive reframing.
What are the main aspects of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
Transference & countertransference, repression, defenses, transactional analysis as a cognitive map of intrapsychic and interpersonal processes.
What are the main aspects of jungian/analytical psychotherapy?
The shadow (sin nature), MBTI dimensions, dream & hypnotic image analysis.
What are the main aspects of adlerian psychotherapy?
Birth order, early recollections & lifestyle investigation, “discouragement”, social interest vs. faulty values, family themes, inferiority complexes.
What are the main aspects of gestalt therapy?
Empty chair, fly-on-the-wall, “be the …”, intensity and conflict markers, psychodrama (acting out historical traumas, conflicts, themes & relationships).
What are the 2 major factors that come into play when considering cultural differences?
Power distance - degree of respect, power or formality ascribed to authorities.
Personal space - preferred physical distance between people when interacting.
What are the 3 main groups of cultures?
1) Middle Eastern, Hispanic, Southern European, and Filipino
2) American & Canadian, along with Western & Northern Europeans
3) Most Asian cultures, including those from Japan, mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore.
What are some considerations for a Group 2) individual when counselling a Group 3) individual?
- Increase distance
- Do not touch them as a sign of familiarity
- Engage in non-continuous eye contact
- More time for silence
- Refrain from self-praise and disclosure
- Try to exhibit higher degree of formality
- Defer to the eldest person present
- Rude to end sessions abruptly
What are some considerations for a Group 3) individual when counselling a Group 2) individual?
- Distance may be interpreted as being cold, aloof, or lacking in confidence
- Firmer handshake
- Maintain eye contact
- Self-disclosure
- Deference to individual holding highest degree or professional position
- Less formality
- Rapid speech with few pauses
What does the acronym BRAIN stand for?
Breathing Relaxation Autogenics Imagery grouNding
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for FIGHT OR FLIGHT?
Autonomic Nervous System
What are the 5 autogenic suggestions?
My hands and arms are so warm and so heavy. My breathing is deep and slow. My heartbeat is slow and regular. My forehead is cool and dry. My feet and legs are warm and heavy.
What is positive multisensory mental imagery?
Relaxing multi-sensory experiences or “images”, which invovles recalling and vividly imagining a safe, relaxing place in your mind.
How can you use the 5 autogenic suggestions and the 5 senses together?
Pair exhaling with the rolling in of relaxing ocean waves and inhaling with a calming fragrance.
Pair the soothing warmth of the sun with “hands and arms are so warm and so heavy”.
Pair a cool breeze on the forehead and through the hair and trees with “my forehead is cool and dry”.
What is sensate focus?
The most basic of grounding techniques with involves concentrating on one of your senses at a time.
What is cook’s hookups and cross crawl?
The idea that the left half of the brain controls the right half of the body and vice versa.
The basis for the 2 techniques involving the crossing of arms and legs.
For what issues is behavioural therapy and/or ABA most suited?
Any kind of behaviour changes with children (Conduct, ADHD, toilet training, chores, tantrums, learning/studying, etc.).
Most fears and phobias.
Some couples issues, again where behaviour change is desired.
What is the operant behaviour?
Any event in the client’s current repertoire of activity (i.e. the natural startle response people make following a loud noise).
What is the discriminative stimuli?
Any temporarily contiguous phenomena that precedes the Operant Behaviour in the immediate environment (i.e. the flash of lightning before the “boom” of the thunder).
What is negative reinforcement?
Any event following an Operant Behaviour which provides relief from, or prevents, pain or discomfort.
What is positive reinforcement?
Any neutral or pleasurable event following an Operant Behaviour that increases the frequency and/or intensity of the Operant Behaviour.
What is punishment?
Not the same as negative reinforcement. Here, the Operant Behaviour is followed by an aversive event.
What is chaining?
Where the end of one behaviour becomes the Discriminative Stimulus for the start of the next behaviour.
What is social learning?
Accomplished by having someone else model a behaviour and having the client observe both the behaviour and the consequences.
What are the 2 components of the Approach-Avoidance conflict?
1) The Approach gradient
2) The Avoidance gradient
What is the Approach-Avoidance conflict?
As the ball rolls down the Approach gradient, instead of continuing all the way down to the bottom of the Approach ramp, it hits the Avoidance gradient and rolls up.
As it rolls up the Avoidance gradient, it gets to the point where the procrastinator remembers why they started to approach, and starts rolling back towards Approach.
Creates a see-saw motion.
How can you raise the Approach gradient?
Increasing the procrastinator’s expectations of success.
Raising the reinforcement value.
Re-connecting the procrastinator with their intrinsic motivations.
How can you lower the Avoidance gradient?
Systematic desensitization.
One Eye techniques
EMDR
What are ego states?
Constitute the 3 major subdivisions of the psyche according to early psychodynamic theorists (id, eg, superego).
More recently known as Parent, Adult, and Child states.
What is the critical parent?
An individual can recognize when they’re in this state because they exhibit self-talk like “you should have” or “you shouldn’t have”.
What is the nurturing parent?
One is aware of the sense of “looking down on oneself with empathy, sympathy or pity, accompanied by self-talk like “you’re a good person” and “take it easy”.
What is the adult?
Has time perspective, which enables all of the reality-testing functions in which humans engage.
Ideally, the function is also to coordinate and mediate between the other ego states.
In dysfunctional systems, the Adult state is not in control.
What is the free child?
Creativity, spontaneity and joy, as well as anger and rebellion.
When one is participating in large motor physical activities and/or creative endeavors.
What is the adaptive child?
Generally, the strong emotions of anxiety and depression seem associated with this state. Particularly, when one is in this state, one can have the sense that not only is one’s mood low now, but it always has been and always will be.
What is the goal of shifting ego states?
To help clients shift out of the Adaptive Child and back into the Adult state.
What are egograms?
Another way to illustrate or conceptualize ego states is through histograms.
The ideal distribution is the largest bar being the Adult state, and the states with the lowest bars are the Critical Parent and the Adaptive Child.
What is a common “deprivation” of an ego state?
Nurturing Parent.
Using an Adlerian perspective (ego states), what is the reason for problems between partners?
Problems occur when one partner is trying to speak Adult to Adult, whilst the other is speaking from their Child state, for example.
What are 7 axioms of Adlerian psychotherapy?
1) All behavior is purposeful and goal-oriented.
2) We use emotions and specific emotional sequences creatively to facilitate reaching personal goals.
3) Motivations may be on an unconscious level and may effectively hide a person’s goals from consciousness.
4) Behaviour and life-style are determined by and consistent with each person’s unique system of private logic.
5) Different behaviours comprise and reinforce the life-style, and the life-style in turn ostensibly substantiates one’s private logic.
6) Behaviours, life-style, and private logic - in concert as they must by definition be - can occlude a person’s awareness of alternative possibilities.
7) This lack of awareness confirms the private logic and leads to delusions and self-fulfilling prophecies.
What are the 3 crucial C’s?
To be connected
To grow, improve, and feel capable
To feel significant; to count
What is any given life-style composed of?
1) Convictions about “what is”
2) Ideals
3) Conclusions about behaviour
What are the 14 commonly-observed lifestyles?
1) The getter
2) The driver
3) The controller
4) The needs to be right
5) The needs to be superior
6) The needs to be liked
7) The needs to be good
8) The one who opposes everything
9) The victim
10) The martyr
11) The baby
12) The inadequate one
13) The one who avoids feelings
14) The excitement seeker
What is the overall process of Adlerian psychotherapy?
1) Establishment of cooperative relationship with client (trust, encouragement)
2) Analysis & assessment of the life-style (interview, early recollections)
3) Interpretation resulting in insight (increasing awareness)
4) Reorientation phase (consider alternative beliefs, attitudes, and actions)
What are some characteristics of the only child?
Never had a rival and other people are curiosities rather than competitors. May not have learned to share.
What are some characteristics of the first born?
Once had it all to themselves and would still like to be first and foremost.
What are some characteristics of the second born?
Started late and has to catch up.
What are some characteristics of the middle child?
Surrounded and squeezed. Feels in danger of losing their portion.
What are some characteristics of the youngest child?
The trail is well-broken and they are never dethroned. They also have a great deal of ground to overcome.
What are the 5 types of parent-child interactions?
1) Overprotection & overindulgence
2) Rejection
3) Excessive standards
4) Inconsistent discipline
5) Authoritarian behavior
What are some available roles and sibling alliances & rivalries?
Good student Helpful domestic Black sheep Mother/father's fave Special sibs
What is EMDR most appropriate for?
- Clients with single-incident traumas (assaults, medical crises or deaths, auto or industrial accidents, rapes, natural and “unnatural” disasters, & infidelities).
- Clients with childhood physical, emotional or sexual abuse or neglect.
- Parents & children and/or couples “distanced” from each other emotionally as a result of previous relationship traumas.
- Clients with substance abuse issues (prescription & nonprescription drugs, alcohol, tobacco) and other addictions & compulsions.
- Clients with phantom limb pain or chronic pain due to physical traumas.
- Clients suffering from fears or phobias (including performance issues.
What is EFT most appropriate for?
- Clients in active, current PTSD states
- Clients experiencing strong, overwhelming physical & emotional states
What are the 4 shattered assumptions?
I can trust God
I can trust others
I can trust my own judgment
The world is a safe and predictable and predictable place
What is existential analysis most useful for?
Adults experiencing anxiety or depression not directly attributable to either biochemical influences or single-incident traumas.
Adults of adolescents without significant current “outside” sources of distress in their lives.
Adults/adolescents with significant verbal skills.
What are the 4 ways in which existential analysis believes a client manifests anxiety?
1) Flight
2) Combat
3) Destructive agression
4) Paralyzing/numbing
What does existential analysis say are the main psychodynamic conflicts?
- Life
- Structure vs Nothingness
- Belonging vs. Isolation
- Meaninglessness
What are the stages of psychotherapy for existential analysis?
1) Begin therapeutic alliance
2) Arousing and focusing the client’s motivation to have centered awareness
3) Disclosing and working through resistance
4) Confronting existential anxiety and faces the underlying conditions of being human.
5) Supporting new learning and new ways of being
6) Separating
What is the purpose of analyzing transference/countertransference?
To encourage the client to confront an existential given (to realize defense mechanisms).
What issues is Narrative Therapy most appropriate for?
Children dealing with fears, phobias, losses, and behaviour problems.
Adults incapable of tolerating trauma therapies.
Adults or adolescents with DID.
Couples & families presenting with severe communication and conflict problems.
What does it mean to externalize the problem?
To speak about the problems as if they’re a “third party” entity with lives of their own.
What are some examples of Narrative Therapy techniques/interventions?
- Finding exceptions, unique outcomes, and problem-solving skills of clients
- Outside witnesses
- Building scaffolds through questions and reflections
- Process of inquiry
- Re-authoring/re-membering the conversation
What are the 3 guiding questions in re-telling (narrative therapy)?
1) Seeing
2) Valuing
3) Resonating
4) Transporting
What does CHEAP BFV stand for?
Concerns Hopes Expectations Assumptions Perceptions
Beliefs
Fears
Values
