Final Exam Flashcards
What type of drowning does a laryngospam still persist after a person loses consciousness?
dry drowning
What are signs of RD in a near-drowning patient?
- serosangineous fluids
- coughing
- atelectasis
- rales
- asymmetric breath sounds
What therapies are warranted for children with smoke inhalation injuries?
- expeditious intubation
- administration of racemic epi
- administration of corticosteroids
What are the primary means of diagnosing direct lung injury?
bronchoscopy
What is the most commonly used treatment of inhalation injuries?
CPT
What is the half-life of carboxyHgb at room air?
5 hours
What ABG results show evidence of cyanide poisoning?
metabolic acidosis despite adequate oxygenation
What is the leading cause of death among burn patients?
inhalation injury
(T/F) persistent lung damage can lead to pulmonary hypertension and heart failure
true
What are the clinical manifestations of a possible pediatric lung injury?
- signed nares
- soot in the mouth or nose
- facial or neck burns
- increased WOB and retractions
- cyanosis
An upper airway foreign body aspiration manifests as?
- coughing
- different phonation
- wheezing/stridor
- retractions
- drooling
(T/F) Lower airway obstruction is difficult to diagnose and may lead to secondary pulmonary edema
true
(T/F) the best treatment for an upper airway obstruction is for a patient that is coughing is to provide no medical intervention until the object is removed or the child deteriorates
true
What is a life-threatening complication associated with bronchiolitis?
apnea
What are some clinical signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis?
- cough
- retractions
- cyanosis
What clinical signs and symptoms are used to determine the severity of bronchiolitis?
- RR
- hypoxemia-SpO2
- accessory muscle use
- WOB
- Breath sounds
- mental status
- feedings
What are some diagnostic tests used to diagnose bronchiolitis?
- CXR
- RSV test
What are some evidence-based treatments and management for acute bronchiolitis?
- mucus clearance
- frequent monitorning of the respiratory status
- ventilation and oxygenation per patient needs
What factors increase the risk for pneumonia?
- smoking
- exposure to chemicals or pollutants
- ethnicity
- individuals that live in crowded conditions
- surgery
What are the four categories of pneumonia ?
- hospital-acquired
- community-acquired
- aspiration
- immunocompromised
What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
- chills
- lethargy
- loss of appetite
- increased WOB
- cough with thick sputum
- fever > 38.5
What finding shows that a patient has severe ARDS, including a PaO2/FIO2 ratio of?
< 200
What are the goals of MV in managing ARDS?
- reduce WOB
- increase alveolar recruitment
- minimize barotrauma
- reduce metabolic demand
- reverse hypoxemia and hypercarbia
When should Ribavirin be considered?
- severe RSV bronchiolitis
- congenital immunodeficiency
- bone marrow transplant
What is the incubation period of an infant carrying RSV?
2 to 8 days
What is not a lung injury that can lead to ARDS?
pulmonary edema
What are MV strategies used to manage ARDS?
- permissive hypercapnia
- tidal volume of 6mL/kg
- permissive hypoxemia
(T/F) antibiotic regimens should be given in routine therapy for viral bronchiolitis
false
An atrioventricular septal defect is especially common in children with what syndrome?
trisomy 21
What diagnostic tools are used to identify cardiac defects?
- CXR
- EKG
- echocardiogram
What symptoms are present for a child that has an atrial septal defect?
- exercise-induced dyspnea
- a-fib
- exercise-induced fatigue
- atrial flutter
An RT should include what treatments for a patient that is post-op for an atrial septal defect?
- NIV
- supplemental O2
What are some clinical manifestations of a moderate-to-severe VSD, specifically for a left to right shunt?
- tachypnea
- failure to thrive
- diaphoresis
- poor feeding
A patient with a AVSD would present with?
- diaphoresis while feeding
- fatigue
What are some symptoms of an aortic stenosis?
- tachypnea
- failure to thrive
- syncope
- gradual exercise intolerance
What should an RT watch for while a patient is given prostaglandin therapy?
- bradycardia
- desaturations
- apneas greater than 20 seconds
- peripheral edema
Patients with what genetic syndromes have an increased risk for coarctation of the aorta?
- turner syndrome
- DiGerorge syndrome
Postoperative surgical risks for coarctation of the aorta include?
- vocal cord paralysis
- chylothorax
- post-coarcetomy syndrome
What tests are used to diagnose a double aortic arch?
- MRI
- CT angiography
- Barium swallow
An RT should do what in order to treat severe upper respiratory obstruction associated with a double aortic arch?
- intubate and place on MV
- PPV
- PEEP
What is the most common congenital cardiac defect?
VSD
What is not an example of a treatment for VSD?
IV fluid
What percentage of VSD close within the first two years of life?
75%
What diagnosis should be considered if a patient presents with decreased femoral pulses, brachiofemoral delay, and a continuous flow murmur?
coarctation of the aorta
Define septum secudum
a muscle structure that grows downward from the upper portion of the embryologic aorta
(T/F) an ASD that has a Qp:Qs ratio of greater than 1.5:1 is an indication of the ASD needing closed
true
(T/F) successful ASD closure has excellent long term outcomes
true
What is the initial intervention for Robin sequence that will alleviate 70% of an infants airway obstruction?
prone positioning
What is considered the most common subglottic abnormality?
subglottic stenosis
What are some ways that the patency of a trach can be verified?
- positive end-tidal CO2
- measuring the exhaled tidal volume
- passing a suction catheter
Tracheoesophageal fistulas should be suspected when an infants presents with?
- excessive drooling
- feeding that leads to respiratory distress
What are some methods to identify choanal atresia?
- tissue and mirror test
- nasal endoscopy
- deep tracheal suctioning
Treatment for a choanal atresia includes?
- creating a choanal opening during surgical repair
- intubation
- using a feeding nipple with a large opening
What is both the most common laryngeal anomaly and the most common congenital cause of stridor?
laryngomalacia
What common disease processes accompanies laryngomalacia?
GERD
What is not an example of a severe laryngomalacia symptom?
normal feedings
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is the most common benign neoplasm of what airway structure?
the larynx
