Final exam Flashcards
T/F: Cultural competency means treating everyone the same way
FALSE
it means operating efficiently within a culture different from your own
List some general cultural characterisitics of Asian/pacific islanders
- oldest male is the decision maker/spokeperson
- values family over the individual
- avoid conflict and direct confrontation
- mental illness may produce guilt or shame
- Emphasis on Eastern Medicine present challenge with PT
List some general cultural characteristics for the Hispanic community
- Address older person by last name
- avoid gesturing (some have adverse connotations)
- values family over individual
- tends to be patriarchal and follows a rigid hierarchial structure
- family involvement in healthcare is common
- reluctant to share their beliefs w/healthcare providers
List some general cultural characteristics of the African American community
- Can be patriarchacal or matriarchal
- tends to be more matriarchal
- religion/faith play a large part in culture
- strong family ties
- strong distrust of medical healthcare providers
List some general cultural characteristics for Caucasian communities
- most elderly would rather live alone and be self-reliant
- roles and duties of family are becoming less dictated by a person’s gender
- strong religious beliefs depending on the region
T/F: minorities such as African Americans and Hispanics tend to have more fictive kin?
TRUE
Describe the breakdown of years that divide the last few generations
- Silent generation = born 1925-1942
- Baby boomers = born 1943 - 1960
- Generation X = born 1961-1981
- Millennials = born after 1982-1996
- Generation Z = 1997 and onward
List general characteristics of the Silent Generation
- value hard work and thriftiness
- work values of conformity, consistency, and uniformity
- Value the system over the individual enteprise
- Emphasize traditional morals
List general characteristics of the Baby Boomer generation
- have the buy now, pay later mentality
- equate work with self-worth
- driven and dedicated
List general characteristics of Generation X
- Do not belong to any group
- Know how to win
- Manage on their own and participate in discussions
- Balance job and leisure time
- Try to attain several goals at once
List general characteristics of Millennials
- Optimistic, assertive, positive
- Acept authority - are rule followers
- accustomed to structure
- think of themselves as global
- perfer to multitask
- have difficulty honing skills of critical analysis necessary to read between the lines
List general characteristics of Generation Z
- Search for the truth
- Don’t abide by labels, appreciate individualism
- Solve conflicts and improve the world
Give an example of a learning tool that each generation might appreciate
- Baby boomers → detailed handouts, note taking
- Generation X → programmed instruction done independently
- Millennials → creative, innovative interactive exercises
what are the initial steps or questions that should be asked during reflection?
- What?
- So what?
- Now what?
List the different types of reflection
- reflection-in-action
- reflection-on-action
- reflection-for-action
what is reflection-in-action?
looking at things in the moment and continually questioning, observing, assessing, and adjusting our thoughts and actions throughout the treatment session
(active reflection)
what is reflection-on-action?
thinking back on the activity and asking:
what worked and didnt?
why did it work/not work?
what is reflection-for-action?
thinking ahead to next time
asking “what might I do if….?”
this is the type of reflection often not performed
List the different frameworks for reflection
- Content reflecion
- Process reflection
- Premise reflection
what is content reflection?
analysis of the problem/situation from the perspective of all those involved
“what else is going on?”
what is causing the problem?
what else do I need to know?
what am I missing?
what is process reflection?
determining how we might approach the situation or what strategies we might choose in addressing the problem
determining problem-solving strategies, determine efficacy of strategies chosen, exploring other available strategeis
thinking about the process
what is premise reflection?
(most difficult level of reflection to achieve)
requires analysis and questioning of assumptions as well as assumptions about the problem
what elements are essential to the process of reflection?
- a trigger event
- critical analysis of feelings, thoughts, and knowledge
- forming a new perspective after that analysis
T/F: reflection is not a necessary component or key component of self-assessment?
FALSE
it is a pivotal part!
what is pedagogy? Andragogy?
pedagogy = act of teaching
andragogy = focus on adult learning
List some common learning theories
- Behaviorism
- Cognitive learning theory
- experiential/problem solving
- social-cultural
What is the behaviorism learning theory?
the process of learning involves rewarding correct behavior until the behavior change is demonstrated consistently
works well when teaching a skill with a measurable action
have the pt practice and recieve feedback until mastery
what is the cognitive learning theory?
connect old knowledge to new concepts
learning is an active process that involves moving from simple/concrete to complex/abstract
apply by connecting new knowledge to clinical context to improve retention
what is experiental-problem solving learning theory?
learn what to do and how to apply it
promotes reflection in action
encourage active learning
well suited to clinical/community settings
What is social-cultural learning theory?
learning occurs in the social/practice setting
the learner is able to then venture out into different experiences and learn additional knowledge
utilize role models and mentors
must build self-efficacy in learners to allow them to have incremental success and enhanced participation
List the methods within Kolb’s learning styles inventory
- Percieving
- concrete experience → doing/having an experience
- abstract conceptualisation → concluding/learning from the experience
- Processing
- reflective observation → reviewing/reflecting on the expereince
- active experimentation → planning/trying out what you have learned
what portion of Kolb’s learning styles inventory involves the processing of info?
active experimentation
reflective observation
what portions of Kolb’s learning styles inventory involve perception?
concrete experience
abstract conceptualisation
If you take Kolb’s learning style’s inventory you can make a 2x2 matrix and create 4 different learning styles based off of the diffenent combos of perception and processing. List those 4 learning styles
- Accomodatin (AE + CE)
- Diverging (RO + CE)
- Converging (AC + AE)
- Assimilating (AC + RO)
describe the Diverging learning style
feeling and watching (CE + RO)
- able to look at things from different perspectives
- sensitive
- prefer to watch rather than do
- view concrete situations at several different viewpoints
- Asks WHY? and WHY NOT?
describe the Assimilating learning style
watching and thinking (AC + RO)
- consise, logical approach
- ideas and concepts more important than ppl
- require good and clear explanation
- excel at understanding wide-ranging info and organizing it in a clear logical format
- asks “WHAT?”
describe the converging learning style
doing and thinking (AC + AE)
- solve problems and use their learning to find solutions to practical issues
- prefer technical tasks
- less concerned with ppl and interpersonal aspects
- best at finding practical uses for ideas and theories
- solve problems and make decisions by finding solutions to questions and problems
- asks “HOW DOES IT WORK?”
describe the accomodating learning style
doing and feeling (CE + AE)
- hands on and relies on intuition rather than logic
- use other ppl’s analysis
- prefer to take a practical, experiential approach
- attracted to new challenges and experiences and to carrying out plans
- asks “SO WHAT NOW?”
List 3 different ways individual’s handle conflict
- assertiveness → focus on the task or own goals
- cooperativeness → focus on the relationship or others
- combos → compromise and collaborate/integrate
List several key factors to take into consideration when preparing a presentation
1. assess the needs of the audience
- design learner centered objectives
- define specific content
- create motivational hooks
- utilize content boosters
- develop formative and summative assessments to check for understanding
- summarize key points
what should you take into consideration when thinking about the needs of your audience?
- expectations
- learning styles
- expertise
every audience will likely have individuals who prefer the following:
- to watch and reflect
- to experiment and be active
- concerete examples and practical application
- theoretical and abstract concepts
every audience will likely have individuals who will want answers to these specific questions:
- Why?
- What?
- So What?
- What if?
List Bloom’s 3 domains of learning
- Cognitive (thinking)
- Psychomotor (doing)
- Affective (feeling)
what makes up the Cognitive domain of learning?
6 progressive levels
- knowledge
- comprehension
- analysis
- application
- synthesis
- evaulation
what makes up the psychomotor domain?
- perception
- set
- guided response
- mechanism
- complex overt response
- adaptation
- origination
what is the affective domain? what makes it up?
development of attitudes, feelings, beliefs and values
- receiving
- responding
- valuing
- organization
- internalization
what other domains of learning are there that are not included in Bloom’s taxonomy?
- Perceputal → involves use of the sense in how pts. recieve and use info
- spiritual → various beliefs related to spirituality
what are the ABCD’s of objective writing?
- Audience → who
- Behavior → what
- Condition → when/how
- Degree of Mastery → how well/how much
what is the Rule of 7s?
working memory has limited capacity and can only process 7 items or “chunks” of info +/- 2 at at ime
List some examples of motivational hooks
- startling or fun fact
- provocative questions
- interesting picture
- puzzling song
- anecdote
- personal question
- relevant video clips
- display of a piece of equipment or a model
a motivation hook should _________
- focus on the topic
- build interest
- establish rapport
- energize environment
- create an emotional connection with the learner through
- humor
- novelty
- personal experience
repetition is not as effective with ______________ as it is with __________________
semantic memory tasks
skill/procedural memory (like bike riding)
what is elaboration? how is it a memory tool?
it is a more effective strategy for manipulating semantic info while in working memory
uses:
- create a story
- mnemonic
- group discussion/debriefing
- partner up
what are the stages of motor learning?
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
what occurs in the cognitive stage of motor learning?
- a basic understanding of movement or skill
- frequent errors
- still thinking of and learning the movement
what is the role of the teacher during the cognitive stage of motor learning?
- teacher must coach a lot and continuously adapt, provide trial and error strategies, and give feedback
what occurs in the associative stage of motor learning?
- autonomically has technique
- can recognize and feel the errors themselves
- errors no longer major
what is the role of the teacher in the associative stage of motor learning?
- teacher should add complexity here and decrease manual cueing
- relate to life/challenges pt faces in daily life
- perform in predictable environment
what occurs during the autonomous stage of motor learning?
- movements are automatic
- doesnt think about technique anymore
- difficult to correct improper form learned at this stage
what is the role of a teacher during the autonomous stage of motor learning?
- give max control to pt
- focus on pt education
- work toward D/C
- work in a challenging/unpredictable environment
- incorporate dual task demands
what are different categories for movements that we can utilize in teaching?
- open vs closed
- discrete vs continuous
- stability vs mobility
what is an open vs a closed movement?
- open → occurs under variable conditions requiring instantaneous adaptation (walking in busy corrdidor
- closed → tasks or skills occur in a constant environment and can be produced with minimal variations each time ( walking between using parallel bars)
what is a discrete vs continuous movement?
- discrete → has an inherent beginning and end point (setting a brake on wheelchair)
- continuous → has no beginning or end, performer arbitrarily decides when to begin/end (driving a car)
what are stability vs mobility tasks?
- stability → requrie a stable BOS (lying down)
- mobility → task demanded is associated with a mobile BOS (running, jumping)
List different practice condition types
- Massed vs distributed
- constant vs variable
- random vs blocked
what is massed practice? what are it’s pros/cons?
session in which amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials
may lead to fatigue
enhances short term recall
what is distributed practice? what are it’s pros/cons?
session in which the amount of rest between trials is equal to/greater than the amount of time for a trial
enhances overall performance or retention
what is “constant” practice? What are pros/cons?
- uniformed practice
- repeats skills in the same way each time
- max skill performance under certain conditions
can only do tasks that require minimal variation and must be performed in constant conditions
what is “variable” practice? Pros/Cons?
- conditions and types of practice vary between practice attempts
- varying practice requires more active learning and problem solving
- enhances retention and generalizability of the skill to novel task
- may be essential when learning tasks that are likely to be performed under variable conditions
what are “random” practice conditions?
practicing in an unpredictable random manner/order
enhances retention and generalizability
what are blocked practice conditions?
practicing in sets
enhances early performance
T/F: Massed practice enhances performance in the long term?
FALSE
it does in the short term
T/F: Distributed practice enhances accuracy and retention in the long term?
TRUE
T/F: Blocked practice may result in better early skill acquisition?
TRUE
T/F: blocked practice is better than random practice for promoting learning?
FALSE
random is better than blocked
What are the principles of Neuroplasticity?
- Use it or lose it
- use it and improve it
- specificity
- reps matters
- intensity matters
- time matters
- salience matters
- age matters
- transference
- interference
describe the steps in memory formation
encoding → storage → retrieval
what is structure building?
degree in which we can ID key points from new material and integrate into prior knowledge to create meaningful structures
what is example learning?
tendency to focus on the nuances of each problem or example w/o ID principles that link different examples together
List Lave and Wegners 4 components of social interactions necessary for learning
- learning by experience
- learning by engaging in practice
- learning by belonging
- learning by becoming
List the components of the Learning Triad
- Learner
- Instructor
- Clinical Community
how do we help our pts develop intrinsic motivation?
- connectedness → comes from a sense of being trusted, respected and cared for by the PT
- self-efficacy → feelings of competence, which can occur when pts have sufficient knowledge and skill to perform expected activities
- autonomy → feeling that the activities are personal and meaningful
List the 5 Rs in motivational interviewing
- Relevance
- Risks
- Rewards
- Roadblocks
- Repetition
List the steps for negotiation of shared meaning
- develop shared meaning through dialogue
- develop a POC
- assess readiness
- provide intervention and education
- check for understanding
- check for adherence and optimize motivation
- reinforce adherence
