Final Exam Flashcards
When an imaging procedure is justified in terms of medical necessity, diagnostic efficacy is achieved when optimal-quality images, revealing the presence of absence of disease, are obtained with:
a. Maximal radiation exposure
b. Minimal radiation exposure
c. Scattered radiation exposure
d. Secondary radiation exposure
b. Minimal radiation exposure
To reduce radiation exposure to the patient:
1. Reduce the amount of x-ray “beam on” time
2. Use as much distance as warranted between the x-ray tube and the patient for the
examination
3. Always shield the patient with appropriate gonadal and/or specific area shielding devices
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
In medicine, when radiation safety principles are correctly applied during imaging procedures, the energy deposited in living tissue by the radiation can be limited. This results in:
a. Completely eliminating the possibility for
reducing the potential for adverse effects
b. No change in the possibility for reducing
the potential for adverse effects
c. Increasing the potential for adverse
biologic effects
d. Reducing the potential for adverse
biologic effects
d. Reducing the potential for adverse
biologic effects
Which of the following cardinal principles of radiation protection can be applied to both the patient and the radiographer?
- Time
- Distance
- Shielding
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2 and 3
d. 1, 2 and 3
The ALARA philosophy should:
- Be a main part of every health care facility’s personnel radiation control program
- Be maintained because at this time there are no firm dose limits established for the amount
of radiation that patients may receive for individual imaging procedures. - Be maintained and show all reasonable actions that will reduce dose to patients and
personnel below required limits have been considered.
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
X-rays:
- Can have varying degrees of penetration in normal biologic tissue
- Can be focused by a lens
- Are invisible
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 3 only
Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safe guard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation defines:
a. Diagnostic efficacy
b. Optimization
c. Radiation protection
d. The concept of equivalent dose (EqD)
c. Radiation protection
An effective radiation safety program requires a firm commitment to radiation safety by:
- Facilities producing imaging services
- Radiation workers
- Patients
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
a. 1 and 2 only
From which of the following sources do human beings receive the largest dose of ionizing radiation?
a. Radioactive fallout from atomic weapons testing
b. Medical radiation procedures
c. Cosmic rays
d. The area surrounding a nuclear reactor
b. Medical radiation procedures
Ultraviolet radiation less than 10 eV, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, and radio waves are considered to be nonionizing because they:
a. Have sufficient kinetic energy to eject electrons from atoms
b. Do not have sufficient kinetic energy to eject electrons from atoms
c. Have sufficient potential energy to eject electrons from atoms
d. Do not have sufficient potential energy to eject electrons from atoms
b. Do not have sufficient kinetic energy to eject electrons from atoms
Which of the following is the total average annual radiation equivalent dose from manmade and natural radiation?
a. 1.8 mSv per year
b. 3.0 mSv per year
c. 3.2 mSv per year
d. 6.3 mSv per year
d. 6.3 mSv per year
Beta particles are identical to ________ except for their origin.
a. Alpha particles
b. Gamma rays
c. High-speed electrons
d. X-rays
e. Protons
c. High-speed electrons
The Z number (Atomic number) refers to the number of:
a. Electrons in the outer shell of an atom
b. Electrons in the nucleus of an atom
c. Neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
d. Protons in the nucleus of an atom
e. Protons in the inner shell of an atom
d. Protons in the nucleus of an atom
The amount of radiation actually received by a patient from diagnostic x-ray procedure may be indicated in terms such as:
- Entrance skin exposure (ESE)
- Bone marrow dose
- Gonadal dose
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are natural sources of ionizing radiation?
a. Medical x-radiation and cosmic radiation
b. Radioactive elements in the crust of the earth and in the human body
c. Radioactive elements in the human body and a diagnostic x-ray machine
d. Radioactive fallout and environs of atomic energy plants
b. Radioactive elements in the crust of the earth and in the human body
Sources of medical ionizing radiation exposure include:
- Computed tomography
- Sonography
- Interventional fluoroscopy
a. 1 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 2 and 3
e. 1, 2, and 3
c. 1 and 3 only
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States to be.
a. Diagnostic x-rays
b. Normal exposure to ultraviolet radiation
c. Radon
d. Cosmic rays
c. Radon
Exit, or image-formation, radiation is composed of which of the following?
a. Primary photons and Compton-scattered photons
b. Non-interacting and small-angle scattered photons
c. Attenuated photons
d. Absorbed photons
b. Non-interacting and small-angle scattered photons
Which of the following contributes significantly to the exposure of the radiographer?
a. Positrons
b. Electrons
c. Compton-scattered photons
d. Compton-scattered electrons
c. Compton-scattered photons
In the radiographic kilovoltage range, which of the following structures will undergo the most photoelectric absorption?
a. Air cavities
b. Compact bone
c. Fat
d. Soft tissue
b. Compact bone
In which of the following x-ray interactions with matter is the energy of the incident photon partially absorbed?
a. Compton
b. Photoelectric
c. Coherent
d. Pair production
a. Compton
When a high atomic number solution is either ingested or injected into human tissue or a structure to visualize it during an imaging procedure, which of the following occurs?
a. Photoelectric interaction becomes greatly decreased, resulting in an increase in the
absorbed dose in the body tissues or structures that contain the contrast
medium.
b. Photoelectric interaction becomes significantly enhanced, leading to an
increase in the absorbed dose in the body tissues or structures that contain the contrast medium.
c. Photoelectric interaction becomes greatly decreased, resulting in an decrease in the
absorbed dose in the body tissues or structures that contain the contrast medium.
d. Photoelectric interaction becomes significantly enhanced, leading to a decrease in the absorbed dose in the body tissues or structures that contain the
contrast medium.
b. Photoelectric interaction becomes significantly enhanced, leading to an
increase in the absorbed dose in the body tissues or structures that contain the contrast medium.
Which of the following influences attenuation?
- Effective atomic number of the absorber
- Mass density
- Thickness of the absorber
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following characteristics primarily differentiates the probability of occurrence of the various interactions of x-radiation with human tissue?
a. Energy of the incoming photon
b. Direction of the incident photon
c. X-ray beam intensity
d. Exposure time
a. Energy of the incoming photon
A decrease in contrast of the image by adding an additional, unwanted density (radiographic fog) results from which of the following interactions between x-radiation and matter?
- Compton scattering
- Pair production
- Photoelectric absorption
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
a. 1 only
When a technical exposure factor of 90 kVp is selected, which of the following occurs?
a. The energy of the highest energy photon in the x-ray beam is 30 keV
b. The electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the anode with an energy of 45 keV
c. The energy of the average photon in the x-ray beam is about 90 keV
d. The energy of the average photon in the x-ray beam is about 30 keV
d. The energy of the average photon in the x-ray beam is about 30 keV
The passage of x-ray photons through a patient without interaction is called:
a. Absorption
b. Attenuation
c. Indirect transmission
d. Direct transmission
d. Direct transmission
In which of the following x-ray interactions with matter is the energy of the incident photon completely absorbed?
a. Compton
b. Photoelectric
c. Incoherent
d. Rayleigh
b. Photoelectric
What is the result of coherent scattering?
a. Usually just a small angle change in the direction of the incident photon
b. Transfer of all energy of the incident x-ray photon to the atoms of the irradiated object
c. Production of a negatron and a positron
d. Transfer of only some of the energy of the incident x-ray photon to the atoms of the
irradiated object
a. Usually just a small angle change in the direction of the incident photon
A technical exposure factor of 100 kVp means that the electrons bombarding the anode of the x-ray tube have a maximum energy of:
a. 1000 electron volts (eV), or 1 keV
b. 10,000 electron volts (eV), or 10 keV
c. 100,000 electron volts (eV), or 100 keV
d. 1,000,000 electron volts (eV), or 1,000 keV
c. 100,000 electron volts (eV), or 100 keV
A reduction in the number of primary photons in the x-ray beam through absorption and scatter as the beam passes through the patient in its path defines:
a. Annihilation
b. Attenuation
c. Photodisintegration
d. Radiographic fog
b. Attenuation
Within the energy range of diagnostic radiology (23 to 150 kVp) that includes mammography, when kVp is decreased, the patient dose:
a. Decreases
b. Increases
c. Remains the same
d. Doubles
b. Increases
Of the following interactions between x-radiation and matter, which only occur above the range of diagnostic radiology?
- Photoelectric absorption
- Pair production
- Photodisintegration
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
c. 2 and 3 only
For a diagnostic radiologic examination, the selection of technical exposure factors using an optimal kVp and mAs combination:
a. Produces an x-ray image of acceptable quality but increases patient dose
b. Produces an x-ray image of acceptable quality while minimizing patient dose
c. Produces an x-ray image of acceptable quality without affecting patient dose
d. Affects neither the quality of the completed radiographic image nor patient dose
b. Produces an x-ray image of acceptable quality while minimizing patient dose
An incoming photon of 1 MeV interacts with an orbital electron causing ionization of the atom and a .7 MeV scattered photon. This describes an event called:
a. Pair production
b. Photoelectric absorption
c. Compton scattering
d. None of the above
c. Compton scattering
A 85 keV x-ray photon strikes an inner shell electron, and all of the photon energy is transferred to the electron. This describes:
a. Coherent scattering
b. Compton scattering
c. Photoelectric effect
d. Photodisintegration
c. Photoelectric effect
An interaction between high-energy x-ray photons, above 10 MeV, and the nucleus of a target atom with the emission of a neutron or other nuclear particles is called:
a. Photodisintegration
b. Photoelectric effect
c. Pair production
d. Compton effect
a. Photodisintegration
The probability of occurrence of Compton interactions relative to (compared to) that of photoelectric interactions increases as x-ray photon energy (kVp):
a. Remains constant
b. Increases
c. Fluctuates from AC to DC
d. Decreases
b. Increases
When a photon of 1.022 MeV interacts with the nuclear force field (nucleus) of an atom, its energy is changed or transformed into two electrons. What are the names of these two electrons?
a. Identical scatter electrons
b. Rayleigh and Thompson electrons
c. Positron and negatron electrons
d. Recoil electrons
e. Roentgen and Edison electrons
c. Positron and negatron electrons
The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption ________ markedly as the atomic number of the irradiated material ________.
a. Increases / decreases
b. Decreases / increases
c. Increases / increases
d. Remains constant / decreases
c. Increases / increases
When a technical exposure factor of 75 kVp is selected, which of the following occurs?
a. The energy of the highest energy photon in the x-ray beam is 75 keV
b. The electrons are accelerated from the
cathode to the anode with an energy of 25 keV
c. The energy of the average photon in the x-ray beam is about 75 keV
d. The energy of the average photon in the x-ray beam is about 33 keV
a. The energy of the highest energy photon in the x-ray beam is 75 keV
The interaction illustrated in Figure 5-9 in the workbook:
- Can pose a safety hazard to imaging personnel
- Can have a degrading impact on image quality
- Surrenders a portion of its kinetic energy causing ionization
a. 1 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 2 and 3 only
e. 1, 2, and 3
e. 1, 2, and 3
The interaction between x-ray and matter pictured in Figure 3-1 in the workbook is associated with:
- An inner shell electron (usually in the K or L shells)
- Total energy transfer from photon to electron
- Increased patient dose and biologic damage of tissues
- Photoelectric absorption interaction
a. 1 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 3 and 4 only
e. 1, 2, 3 and 4
e. 1, 2, 3 and 4
The interaction between x-ray and matter pictured in the Figure below is associated with:
- High-atomic-number absorbers
- Ionization
- Characteristic radiation produced
a. 1 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 3 only
e. 1, 2, and 3
e. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following statements pertain to the interaction with matter illustrated in the Figure below?
- A loosely bound outer shell electron is ejected from its orbit
- The incident x-ray photon surrenders a portion of its kinetic energy
- The scattered x-ray photon continues on its way but in a new direction
- The interaction results in all-directional scatter.
a. 1 and 2only
b. 2 and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 2, 3 and 4 only
e. 1, 2, 3 and 4
e. 1, 2, 3 and 4
The x-ray interaction with matter that is responsible for the majority of scattered radiation reaching the image
receptor (IR) is:
a. Photoelectric effect
b. Compton effect
c. Classical scatter
d. Thompson Scatter
e. Unmodified scatter
b. Compton effect
The interaction between x-ray and matter pictured below is associated with:
- X-ray photon with very low energy (below 10 keV)
- Photon with a slight change in direction
- Scattered photon with no loss of energy
- Coherent scatter interaction
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 3 and 4 only
e. 1, 2, 3 and 4
e. 1, 2, 3 and 4
The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption:
- Increases markedly as the atomic number of the irradiated material increases
- Increases markedly as the energy of the incident photon decreases
- Increases markedly as the mass density of the irradiated material increases
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 3 only
e. 1, 2, and 3
e. 1, 2, and 3
When a technical exposure factor of 120 kVp is selected, which of the following occurs?
a. The electrons are accelerated from the anode to the cathode with an energy of 100 keV.
b. The electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the anode with an energy of 60 keV.
c. The beam will contain all photons having an effective energy of 60 keV.
d. The beam will contain photons having energies of 120 keV or less, with an average effective energy of approximately 40 keV.
d. The beam will contain photons having energies of 120 keV or less, with an average effective energy of approximately 40 keV.
Occupational and nonoccupational doses will remain well below maximum allowable levels when:
a. Radiographers and radiologists keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable
b. Referring physicians stop ordering imaging procedures
c. Orders for imaging procedures are determined only by medical insurance companies
d. Patients assume sole responsibility for ordering their imaging procedures
a. Radiographers and radiologists keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable
Repetition of a radiographic exposure because of poor patient positioning results in:
a. No significant change in total radiation exposure to the patient or the radiographer
b. A slight decrease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer
c. An increase in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer
d. A significant decrease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer
c. An increase in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer
Certain individual radiologic procedures need to have patient dose dictated into every radiologic report. These procedures include:
- Computed tomography
- General Fluoroscopy
- Interventional procedures
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
To reduce radiation exposure to occupational imaging personnel:
- Reduce the amount time spent in a room where radiation is produced
- Stand at the greatest distance possible from an energized x-ray beam and the patient
- Interpose radiation-absorbing shielding material between the radiographer and the source of radiation
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Of the following radiations, which are classified as ionizing radiation?
- Infrared rays, low-energy ultraviolet radiation, and microwaves
- Low-energy ultraviolet radiation, radio waves, and visible light
- Ultraviolet radiation with energy greater than 10 eV, gamma rays, and x-rays
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
c. 3 only
Fundamental properties of x-rays include:
- Travel in a straight lines
- Travel at the speed of light (300 million meters per second)
- Produce charged particles by interaction with atoms when passing through matter
- X-ray beams consist of a wide range of energies that are normally heterogeneous
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 3 and 4 only
e. 1, 2, 3 and 4
e. 1, 2, 3 and 4
The process most responsible for the contrast between bone and soft tissue in a diagnostic radiographic image is:
a. Coherent scattering
b. Compton scattering
c. Photoelectric absorption
d. Photodisintegration
c. Photoelectric absorption
A radiation weighting factor (WR) has been established for each of the following ionizing radiations: x-rays (WR=1), fast neutrons (WR=20), and alpha particles (WR=20). What is the totalequivalent dose (EqD) in sievertsfor a person who has received the following exposures: 15 Gy of x-rays, 10 Gy of fast neutrons, and 5 Gy of alpha particles?
a. 31.5 Sv
b. 315 Sv
c. 3,150 Sv
d. 31,500 Sv
b.315 Sv
The radiation weighting factor for x-rays is 1, and the tissue weighting factor for the breast is 0.05. If the breast receives an absorbed dose of 350 Gy from exposure to x-rays, what is the effective dose (EfD) in sievert?
a. 350 Sv
b. 175 Sv
c. 35 Sv
d. 17.5 Sv
d.17.5 Sv
If 300 people received an average dose of 35 Sv, what is the collective effective dose (ColEfD)?
a. 1.05 person-sieverts
b. 10.5 person-sieverts
c. 105 person-sieverts
d. 1,050 person-sieverts
e. 10,500 person-sieverts
e.10,500 person-sieverts
Determine the totaldose equivalent (DE) in sievert(Sv) for a person who has received the following exposures of radiation: 29 gray beta particles, Q=1; 18 gray neutrons, energy 10 keV -100 keV Q=10; and 25 gray alpha particles, Q=20.
a. 70.9 Sv
b. 709 Sv
c. 7,090Sv
d. 70,900 Sv
b.709 Sv
A patient’s irradiated surface receives an air kerma dose of 40 mGy. If the area of the irradiated surface is 240 cm2, what is the dose area product (DAP).
a. 9.600 mGy-cm2
b. 9,600 mGy-cm2
c. 96,000 mGy-cm2
d. 960,000 mGy-cm2
b.9,600 mGy-cm2
An exposure to which of the following radiations will result in the person receiving the highest dose equivalency (DE)?
a. 68 gray of x-ray
b. 68 gray of beta
c. 68 gray of gamma-ray
d. 68 gray of alpha
e. 68 gray of proton
d.68 gray of alpha
To determine D, the amount of energy absorbed by the irradiated object must be measured by:
a. Calculating EqD
b. Calculating the entrance skin exposure of the object
c. Determining the amount of energy deposited per kilogram of the irradiated object
d. Determining the amount of ionization in a specific volume of dry air at atmospheric pressure
c.Determining the amount of energy deposited per kilogram of the irradiated object
Which of the following is the SI unit of radiation exposure that is used for x-ray equipment calibration?
a. C/kg
b. DAP
c. R
d. SV
a.C/kg
Which of the following radiation quantities accounts for some biologic tissues being more sensitive to radiation damage than other tissues?
a. Absorbed dose
b. Exposure
c. Equivalent dose
d. Effective dose
d.Effective dose
The SI quantity used to express kinetic energy released in matter is the:
a. erg
b. gray
c. kerma
d. rad
e. joule
c.kerma
The SI unit used to express kinetic energy released in matter (kerma) is the:
a. erg
b. Gy
c. C/kg
d. rad
e. joule
b.Gy
Early tissue reactions (deterministic somatic effects) of radiation include:
- Nausea and fatigue
- Blood and intestinal disorders
- Diffuse redness of the skin and shedding of its outer layer
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
d.1, 2, and 3
The ampere is the SI unit of:
a. Electrical charge
b. Electrical potential
c. Electrical resistance
d. X-ray ionization in air
e. Electrical current
e.Electrical current
Diagnostic imaging personnel should wear a personnel dosimeter during routine operations in an imaging facility because the device provides:
- An indication of an individual’s working habits
- An indication of working conditions in the facility
- A way for the employer to determine if radiation workers are actively engaged in performing a specific number of x-ray procedures during a given period
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
a.1 and 2 only
Which of the following are disadvantages of using a TLD as a personnel monitoring device?
- It can be read only once because the readout process destroys the stored information
- It is necessary to use calibrated dosimeters with TLD’s
- The initial cost is higher than that for a OSL dosimeter service
- Lithium fluoride is used as the sensing material in the TLD
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 1 and 4 only
d. 1, 2, and 3 only
e. 1, 2, 3, and 4
d.1, 2, and 3 only
Which statement(s) is(are) accurate about the function of the control monitor?
- Measures radiation exposure in the work area
- Should be kept in a distant room from the radiation area
- Measures background exposure while in transit to and from the health care facility
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 3 only
d. 2 and 3 only
e. 1, 2, and 3
d.2 and 3 only
Which of the following is used to survey an area for radiation detection and measurement in the diagnostic imaging department?
a. TLD dosimeter
b. OSL dosimeter
c. Handheld Cutie Pie ionization chamber
d. Handheld Geiger-Mueller meter
c.Handheld Cutie Pie ionization chamber
Which of the following is the most accurate personnel monitoring device?
a. OSL dosimeter
b. TLD dosimeter
c. Film badge
d. Geiger-Muller meter
a.OSL dosimeter
Exposure monitoring of personnel is required whenever radiation workers are likely to risk receiving ________ or more of the occupational EfD limit of 50 mSv (5 mrem) in any single year due to their work-related activities.
a. 1 %
b. 5 %
c. 10 %
d. 25 %
c.10 %
Which of the following are advantages of using a TLD as a personnel monitoring device?
- It can be worn up to 3 months.
- It is not affected by humidity, pressure, or normal temperature changes.
- After a reading has been obtained, the crystals can be reused.
- Lithium fluoride crystals interact with ionizing radiation as human tissue does, therefore itdetermines dose more accurately.
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 1 and 4 only
d. 1, 2, and 3 only
e. 1, 2, 3, and 4
e.1, 2, 3, and 4
Determine the cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 19 years old:
a. 1.9 mSv
b. 19 mSv
c. 190 mSv
d. 1,900 mSv
c.190 mSv
The annual occupational equivalent dose limits for all tissues and organs (i.e. hands, skin, and feet) other than the lens of the eye (nonstochastic) is:
a. 50 mSv
b. 150 mSv
c. 250 mSv
d. 500 mSv
e. 1,000 mSv
d.500 mSv
When exposed to radiation as part of their educational experience, 18-years-old students should notexceed an effective dose limit of ________ annually.
a. 0.5 mSv (0.05 rem)
b. 1 mSv (0.1 rem)
c. 5 mSv (0.5 rem)
d. 50 mSv (5 rem)
d.50 mSv (5 rem)
Which of the following concepts is behind the establishment of the effective dose limiting system?
a. Negligible risk
b. Organ and tissue radio sensitivity
c. Radiation hormesis
d. Radiation exposure and associated risk of possible radiation-induced malignancy
d.Radiation exposure and associated risk of possible radiation-induced malignancy
Biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that can be directly related to the dose received, exhibit a threshold dosebelowwhich the response does not normally occur and abovewhich the severity of the biologic damage increasesas the dose increases are classified as which of the following?
a. Tissue reactions
b. Epidemiologic effects
c. Probabilistic effects
d. Stochastic effects
a.Tissue reactions
The annual dose limit for medical imaging personnel includes radiation from:
- Occupational exposure
- Background radiation
- Dental and medical x-ray exams
a. 1 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
a.1 only
Somatic effects of radiation exposure refer to effects that are:
a. Manifested in the descendants of the exposed individual
b. Experienced directly by the exposed individual
c. Experienced directly by the exposed individual and his or her children or grandchildren
d. Manifested in the reproductive cells of the exposed individual
b.Experienced directly by the exposed individual
Effects of ionizing radiation that are nonthreshold, all-or-none, randomly occurring biologic somatic changes, where their chances of occurrence increase with each radiation exposure,are classified as which of the following?
a. Tissue reactions
b. Epidemiologic effects
c. Deterministic effects
d. Stochastic effects
d.Stochastic effects
Examples of stochastic effects include:
- Acute radiation syndrome
- Cancer
- Genetic alterations
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
c.2 and 3 only
Biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that can be directly related to the dose received include:
- Early tissue reactions
- Stochastic effects
- Late tissue reactions
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
b.1 and 3 only
Which of the following is the SI unit of radiation exposure in air only?
a. C/kg
b. DAP
c. R
d. Sv
a.C/kg
Which of the following terms describes the amount of energy per unit mass transferred from an x-ray beam to an object in its path such as the human body?
a. SI
b. Exposure
c. Equivalent dose
d. Absorbed dose
d.Absorbed dose
Which of the following statements concerning the exposure quantity, X, is true?
- It is measured by ions in air
- It only measures X-rays and Gamma ray photons
- It is based on a response produced when radiation interacts with air.
a. 1 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 3 only
e. 1, 2, and 3
e. 1, 2, and 3
X-rays, beta particles (high-speed electrons), and gamma rays have been given a numeric adjustment value (Q or WR) of 1 because they produce:
a. No biologic effect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses
b. Varying degrees of biologiceffect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses
c. High-dose biologic effects in all body tissues for even the smallest dose
d. Virtually the same biologic effect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses
d.Virtually the same biologic effect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses
Which of the following statements are true concerning radiation quantities and units?
- Each type and energy of radiation has a specific WR.
- EFD provides a measure of the overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiation.
- Radiation weighting factors are selected by national and international scientific advisorybodies (NCRP, ICRP) and are based on quality factors and linear energy transfer.
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
d.1, 2, and 3
When laser light is incident on the sensing material in an OSL dosimeter, the material:
a. Becomes luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received
b. Fluoresces in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received and then emits beta particles
c. Phosphoresces in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received and then darkens
d. Turns ice blue and fluoresces in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received
a.Becomes luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received
Which of the following chemical compounds functions as the sensing material in a thermoluminescent dosimeter?
a. Barium sulfate (BaSO4)
b. Calcium tungstate (CaWO4)
c. Lithium fluoride (LiF)
d. Sodium iodide (NaI)
c.Lithium fluoride (LiF)
During routine radiographic procedures, when a protective apron is not being worn, the primary personnel dosimeter should be attached to the clothing on the front of the body at:
a. Collar level to approximate the maximum radiation dose to the thyroid and the head and neck
b. Chest level to approximate the maximum radiation dose to the heart and lungs
c. Hip level to approximate the maximum radiation dose to the reproductive organs
d. Waist level to approximate the maximum radiation dose to the small intestine
a.Collar level to approximate the maximum radiation dose to the thyroid and the head and neck
During diagnostic imaging procedures, how should the radiation dose to the abdomen of a pregnant radiographer be monitored during gestation?
a. It may be estimated from the radiation dose recorded by the primary monitor worn at collar level
b. It may be obtained from the primary radiation monitor worn at abdominal level
c. It may be obtained from a second radiation monitor worn at abdominal level
d. It is not necessary to monitor the radiation dose to the embryo fetus that results from occupational exposure of a pregnant radiographer during gestation.
c.It may be obtained from a second radiation monitor worn at abdominal level
Which of the following instruments should beused in an x-ray installation to measure fluoroscopic scatter radiation exposure rate?
a. GM survey meter
b. Ionization chamber-type survey meter (Cutie pie)
c. Proportional counter
d. TLD
b.Ionization chamber-type
Which of the following radiation monitors is currently the mostcommonlyused dosimeter for monitoring occupational exposure in diagnostic imaging?
a. Personnel digital ionization dosimeter
b. Pocket ionization chamber
c. TLD
d. OSL
d.OSL
The OSL dosimeter uses:
a. An Al2O3 detector
b. LiF as a sensing material
c. A miniature ionization chamber as a detector
d. Radiation dosimetry film as a detector
a.An Al2O3 detector
The increased sensitivity of the OSL dosimeter makes it ideal for monitoring employees working in low-radiation environments and for:
a. Area monitoring of radioisotope storage facilities
b. Monitoring of patients with a radioactive implant
c. Monitoring of pregnant workers
d. General patient and public monitoring
c.Monitoring of pregnant workers
What is the maximum period of time that a TLD may be worn as a personnel dosimeter?
a. 1 week
b. 1 month
c. 3 months
d. 1 year
c.3 months
Which types of personnel dose monitoring devices should be used to monitor the whole body dosage of diagnostic imaging personnel?
- Proportional Counter
- Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
- Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter (OSL)
- Geiger-Muller (GM) survey meter
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 2, 3, and 4 only
e. 1, 2, 3, and 4
c.2 and 3 only
An OSL control monitor indicates:
a. The sensitivity of the radiographic film in the dosimeter
b. The presence of impurities in the lithium fluoride crystals
c. Whether group dosimeters were exposed in transit
d. Whether filters in group dosimeters are working correctly
c.Whether group dosimeters were exposed in transit
Which of the following are advantages of using the OSL as a personnel monitoring device?
- It can be worn for longer periods of time (up to 1 year) to record occupational exposure.
- Heat, moister, and pressure will not affect the tamperproof blister packet..
- Offers complete reanalysis in the event that an error in reading the dosimeter has occurred.
- It is lightweight, durable, and easy to carry.
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 1 and 4 only
d. 2, 3, and 4 only
e. 1, 2, 3, and 4
e.1, 2, 3, and 4
