Final Exam

Question 1

How do neurons communicate?

Answer 1

> Electrical signals

> Chemical signals

Question 2

How many neurons are there typically in the brain?

Answer 2

100 billion

Question 3

How many connections does a neuron have to other neurons (neural pathways)?

Answer 3

Each neuron has between 1000 to 10000 connections to other neurons

Question 4

What is a neuron composed of?

Answer 4

It is composed of:

• Soma (cell body)
• Dendrites
• Axon

Question 5

What is the Soma composed of?

Answer 5

The Cystol:
Watery fluid inside the cell

Organelles:
Membrane-enclosed structures with in the soma

Cytoplasm:
Contents with in a cell membrane
(e.g., organelles, excluding the nucleus)

Question 6

What organelles are found in the soma?

Answer 6

> The nucleus 
> RER
> Smooth ER 
> Golgi apparatus
> Mitochondria

Question 7

What is the nucleus responsible for?

Answer 7

Responsible for:

> Gene Expression
Transcription
RNA processing

Question 8

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

Answer 8

> Involved in some protein

• Production
• Folding
• Quality Control
• Dispatch

Question 9

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

Answer 9

The smooth ER is involved in the production / metabolism of fats and steroids

Question 10

What is the golgi apparatus involved in?

Answer 10

Involved in the delivery of proteins to different cell regions (Trafficking) and regulating substances

Question 11

What is the difference between Smooth and Rough ER

Answer 11

Smooth ER is not studded with ribosomes

Rough ER is studded with ribosomes

Question 12

What is the mitochondria responsible for?

Answer 12

The mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration
(inhale and exhale)

Part of the Krebs cycles

ATP- Cell’s energy source

Question 13

What is the role of the Neuronal Membrane?

What is the thickness of the membrane ?

Answer 13

A barrier that encloses cytoplasm

> 5nm thick

Question 14

What is the Cytoskeleton?

Answer 14

> It is the internal scaffolding of neuronal membrane

- it is not static

Question 15

What are the three bones of the Cytoskeleton?

Answer 15

> Microtubules
MIcrofilaments
Neurofilaments

Question 16

What are axons?

Answer 16

Axons are processes, responsible for relaying / sending information from one neuron to the next

Question 17

What are the three stages of an axon?

Answer 17

> Axon hillock (beginining)
Axon proper (middle)
Axon terminal (end)

Question 18

What is different between the axon and the soma?

Answer 18

There are differences in the organelle composition
> No ER / Golgi apparatus in axons

> Polyribosome composition is unique

Question 19

What are the differences between the cytoplasm of axon terminal and axon?

Answer 19

> Presence of synaptic vesicles

> Abundance of membrane proteins

> Large number of mitochondria

Question 20

What is the synapse?

Answer 20

The point of communication between neurons

Question 21

What is the axon referred to as?

Answer 21

The axon is referred to as the Presynaptic location of the neuron

Question 22

How does communication occur in the synapse?

Answer 22

Communication will occur by synaptic transmission

Electrical to Chemical transformation

Question 23

What is the outcome of synaptic transmission dysfunction?

Answer 23

Mental disorders will occur

Question 24

What are dendrites responsible for?

Answer 24

Act as the “antennae” of neurons

Dendrites are responsible for
- Receiving + Processing information sent from the Axon/s of other neurons

Question 25

What is the structure of dendrites?

Answer 25

Unlike axons, dendrites have numerous branches

> Dendritic tree

The majority of all the synapses and receptors are located on dendrites