Final exam Flashcards by Henriette Wisnes

Symmetrical alopecia appears on a 3 years old female guinea pig. What is your possible diagnosis?

a. Hyperthyreosis
b. Ovarian cysts
c. Zn-deficiency
d. Castratio-responsive alopecia

b. Ovarian cysts

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A rodent patient has pruritic dermatitis, and the skin scraping is negative. Which is the best idea to do?

a. B-lactam antibiotics + glucocorticoids
b. Anti-parasitic treatment
c. Washing with anti-fungal shampoo 2-3 times a day
d. Intracutan alley test

b. Anti-parasitic treatment

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Which is the most common cause of fur chewing in chinchillas?

a. Bad husbandry, small cage
b. Vitamin and mineral deficiency
c. Disturbing the mother and the litter
d. Low fibre diet

a. Bad husbandry, small cage

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Which species does not have marking glands?

a. Syrian golden hamster
b. Roborowsky dwarf hamster
c. Mongolian gerbil
d. Degu

d. Degu

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What is the ethology of malocclusion in rodents?

a. Genetic predisposition
b. Iatrogenous harm
c. Malnutrition
d. All three are possible

d. All three are possible

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What is typical of mucoid enteritis?

a. Disease of old rabbits caused by E.coli
b. Yeast overgrowth in the intestines of weaning rabbits
c. Mucous-like faeces in chinchillas caused by Clostridium spp.
d. Disease of young rabbits with an unknown origin, with pH changes in the caecum

a. Disease of old rabbits caused by E.coli

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What is the antibiotic that can be used orally in rodents?

a. Sulfometoxazol
b. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
c. Clindamycin
d. None of them

a. Sulfometoxazol

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What is the ethology in CRD in rats?

a. Mycoplasma pulmonic infection
b. latent virus infections
c. High ammonia level in the air
d. Traumatic injury

d. Traumatic injury

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What is typical of hypercalcuria in rabbits?

a. Physiological under 2 months
b. Needs surgical treatment
c. The urinary bladder is full of crystal-sludge
d. Can be treated by lowering the pH of the urine

c. The urinary bladder is full of crystal-sludge

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Which is true for ovarian cysts in guinea pigs?

a. You need an US. examination for the diagnosis
b. It can be palpated during routine physical examination
c. You need to prove your diagnosis by needle aspiration
d. You need to prove your diagnosis by measuring progesterone levels

b. It can be palpated during routine physical examination

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Which is true for the reproduction of guinea pigs+

a. It is recommended to breed them in an intensive way
b. High calcium leves in the diet
c. Males must be kept separately after parturition
d. Males are also taking care of the youths

c. Males must be kept separately after parturition

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Which is true for pregnancy toxicosis in rodents?

a. Low calcium diet plays a big role in the aetiology
b. It is not possible to prevent the disease
c. IV glucose, and hepato-protectants are effective treatments
d. Usually poor diagnosis in spite of treatment

d. Usually poor diagnosis in spite of treatment

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You diagnose a swelling of the mammary gland on a 2 years old rat. What to do next?

a. Give Enrofloxacin, because bacterial mastitis is common
b. Cytology, surgical removal, based on cytology results
c. Glucocorticoid treatment
d. Observing the size, control examination once a year

b. Cytology, surgical removal, based on cytology results

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How can rabbits get infected with Encephalitizoonosis?

a. The infectious form spreads with the urine
b. It is an arthropod-born disease
c. The infectious form spreads with the faeces
d. Only by eating the meat of an infected individual

a. The infectious form spreads with the urine

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When was the ferret domesticated?

a. More than 2000 years ago
b. Approximately 1000 years ago
c. Approximately 500 years ago
d. Approximately 100 years ago

a. More than 2000 years ago

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When can you neuter a female ferret?

a. Only after she is older than 9 months
b. Only after the first oestrus
c. Only during the first oestrus
d. At any time, when she is full-grown

b. Only after the first oestrus

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What is overproduced in Ferret Adrenal Gland Disease Complex?

a. Sexual steroids
b. Mineralocorticoids
c. Glucocorticoids
d. Adrenalin

a. Sexual steroids

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Which is FALSE about the GnRH analogues used for treatment of Ferret Adrenal Gland Disease Complex?

a. In small dose they stimulate the secretion of LH and FSH
b. In high dose they reduce the amount of FnRH receptors
c. When injected or implanted, they reduce the secretion of the LH and FSH
d. They directly affect the melatonin secretion

d. They directly affect the melatonin secretion

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What drug is used for medical treatment of insulinoma?

a. Diazoxid
b. Deslorelin
c. Dehidropiandrosteron
d. Suprelorin

a. Diazoxid

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Which is FALSE about the ferrets’ gastrointestinal tract?

a. Cannot use carbohydrates efficiently
b. Cannot digest fibre
c. Minimal gut flora
d. Meat only food is the best for ferrets

c. Minimal gut flora

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A 9 months old, non-neutered female ferret had alopecia, but her skin is intact. Which causes is the most likely?

a. Insulinoma
b. Ovarian-remnant syndrome
c. Adrenal Gland Disease Complex
d. Prolonged oestrus

d. Prolonged oestrus

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A spayed female ferret has vulvar swelling, alopecia (intact skin), four years after the neutering. Which cause is the most likely?

a. Insulinoma
b. Ovarian-remnant syndrome
c. Adrenal Gland Disease Complex
d. Prolonged oestrus

c. Adrenal Gland Disease Complex

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Prolonged oestrus in ferrets…

a. …will disappear when the heat ends
b. …will lead to parthenogenesis
c. …can cause the death of the animal, because of the suppression of the bone marrow function
d. …can cause the death of the animal, because is induces adrenal gland tumour

c. …can cause the death of the animal, because of the suppression of the bone marrow function

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Which is true for the ovary of birds?

a. Only exists on the left side
b. Only exists on the right side
c. Both sides are the same
d. Ovulation only to the left oviduct from both ovaries

a. Only exists on the left side

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Which is FALSE for the nutrition of parrots? a. Based on sunflower-seeds causes nutritional imbalances b. Pulses and tropical fruits can be added to the food c. The nutrition based on commercial pellets can cause addiction and nutritional imbalances d. Feeding seeds with high fat content can cause hepatic disease

c. The nutrition based on commercial pellets can cause addiction and nutritional imbalances

Which one you must not miss, while examining a bird? a. Body temperature b. Palpation of the pulse c. Breathing rate d. Observing the uropygeal gland

c. Breathing rate

Which is true for polyuria in birds? a. Excreting much yellowish urine allows easy diagnosis b. It is easy to differentiate from diarrhoea, because birds do not excrete urine c. Is can only be differentiated from diarrhoea with lab work d. Is id difficult to differentiate from diarrhoea, because birds do not excrete urine

a. Excreting much yellowish urine allows easy diagnosis

Spaying of the legs appears in a juvenile African grey parrot. What to do next? a. Careful neurologic examination, vaccination of all birds against Marek-disease b. Measuring uric-acid level, ultrasonography of the kidneys c. X-ray to exclude rachitis d. Biotin supplement

c. X-ray to exclude rachitis

You take a swab-sample from the crop for Trichomonas examination. What so you do with the sample? a. Put it in transport medium and put in the fridge b. Put is in transport medium, and keep it on room temperature c. Make a smear sample and fixate it d. Examine a native smear directly

d. Examine a native smear directly

What is / are the best sites of venipuncture in birds? a. Vena caudal tibialis and vena cephalica b. Sinus venous occipitalis c. Vena jugulars and vena cutanea ulnaris d. Vena medialis metatarsalis

c. Vena jugulars and vena cutanea ulnaris

How is the erythrocyte morphology in birds? a. Oval cells, dark nucleus, homologous abundant cytoplasm b. Round cells, without nucleus, homologous abundant cytoplasm c. Square cells, oval nucleus, and a small amount of homologous cytoplasm d. Huge, amoeboid cells, small amount of homologous cytoplasm

a. Oval cells, dark nucleus, homologous abundant cytoplasm

What is typical for creatinine in birds? a. It has no clinical significance b. It is sensitive to kidney damage c. After kidney damage it elevates earlier than urea d. Even if it has no clinical significance, you should measure it in every case

d. Even if it has no clinical significance, you should measure it in every case

What is / are the cause(s) of the feather plucking syndrome? a. Boredom only b. Boredom and Ectoparasites only c. Only psychiatric causes d. Lots of infectious and non-infectious causes

d. Lots of infectious and non-infectious causes

The main symptom of liver damage in birds are... a. Greenish urates, ascites and abnormal beak / nails b. Abdominal pain and pruritus c. Regurgitation and CNS signs d. Fever and increased appetite

a. Greenish urates, ascites and abnormal beak / nails

What are hepatoprotectants in birds? a. Ursodeoxycholic acid, lactulose, metronidazole b. Ursodeoxycholic acid, famotidine, sucralfate c. Ursodeoxycholic acid, S-adenosylmethionine, silymarin, vitamin E d. Ursodeoxycholic acid, ciproheptadin, chloramphenicol

c. Ursodeoxycholic acid, S-adenosylmethionine, silymarin, vitamin E

The course of treatment of kidney disease is... a. Fluid therapy, ciproheptadin, melatonin b. Fluid therapy, silimarin, metronidazole c. Fluid therapy, ketogenic, gentamicin d. Fluid therapy, allopurinol, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A

d. Fluid therapy, allopurinol, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A

Aetiology of avian tuberculosis... a. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis b. Mycobacterium avium c. Mycobacterium tuberculosis d. Mycobacterium bovis

b. Mycobacterium avium

Possible treatment for megabacteriosis? a. Amphotericin b b. Metronidazole c. Fenbendazole d. Enrofloxacin

a. Amphotericin b

What is the aetiology of Macaw wasting disease (PDD)? a. Intestinal hypomobility b. Degeneration of the ganglions in the wall of the proventriculus c. Less activity of the pancreatic enzymes d. Fungal infection of the gastrointestinal tract

b. Degeneration of the ganglions in the wall of the proventriculus

Which is FALSE? a. Snakes are shedding periodically b. Lizards are shedding periodically c. Ceratophagia is physiological in lizards d. There is no shedding in turtles

d. There is no shedding in turtles

The nutrition of tortoises is based on... a. Lettuce and tomatoes b. Plants and flowers collected in the garden c. Banana d. Fruits

b. Plants and flowers collected in the garden

Which is FALSE for the hibernation of Hermann's tortoise? a. It needs water during hibernation b. The ideal temperature is 4-8 degrees C c. It is only recommended for breeders d. High fibre diet is optimal before hibernation

c. It is only recommended for breeders

Where to give great amount of fluid to a turtle? a. Intracoelomial b. Vena jugulars, through IV catheter c. Subcutaneously to the hind legs d. Subcutaneously to the front legs

a. Intracoelomial

Which is not connected with the aetiology of nutritive osteodystrophia? a. Low calcium diet b. Vitamin D deficiency c. High potassium diet d. High phosphorous diet

c. High potassium diet

Which is important in the pathogeneses of vitamin A deficiency? a. Enterocyte proliferation b. Metaplasia in the surface of the mucous membranes c. Pathological fat infiltration of the liver c. Necrosis in the renal tubuli

b. Metaplasia in the surface of the mucous membranes

How to treat otitis media in turtles? a. No treatment, it disappears spontaneously sooner or later b. Surgical debridement, antibiotics c. Eardrops d. Systemic antibiotic treatment based on sensitivity

b. Surgical debridement, antibiotics

Follicular stasis in a green iguana can be treated with... a. Synthetic progestagens b. Surgery c. Optimal husbandry d. Calcium + oxytocin injection

b. Surgery

Which characteristic of reptiles can affect negatively the success of a surgical procedure? a. Great resistance against hypoxia b. Low blood pressure c. Small total blood volume d. Great resistance against infections

c. Small total blood volume

Which can cause stomatitis in tortoises? a. Herpes virus infection b. Ophiomyssus matrices infection c. Iron toxicosis d. Too hot feeding place

a. Herpes virus infection

What can you see in a turtle patient with wet shell rot? a. Reddish-brown drawing like areas on the plastron b. Blue colour on the plastron c. Green and purple drawing on the plastron d. Nothing, it is symptomless

a. Reddish-brown drawing like areas on the plastron

What is the aetiology of hypertrophic gastritis in snakes? a. Iridovirus infection b. Cryptosporidium serpentis c. Phabdias sp. infection c. Unknown

b. Cryptosporidium serpentis

Symptoms of the RNS disease are... a. Upper respiratory infection with nasal discharge b. Diarrhoea, inflammation in the cloaca c. Arthritis, limb weakness

a. Upper respiratory infection with nasal discharge

Which can cause pneumonia vermiosa? a. Rhabdias sp. b. Kalicaphalus sp. c. Oxyuris sp.

a. Rhabdias sp.

What is a possible treatment of septicaemia in turtles? a. Vitamin C b. Ivermectin c. Enrofloxacin

c. Enrofloxacin

Why should we protect the integrity of the plumage f an injured bird? a. Because of animal welfare reasons b. This is the only way if we want a successful release into the wild c. Is the plumage is damaged abnormal behaviour starts (auto mutilation, feather picking)

c. Is the plumage is damaged abnormal behaviour starts (auto mutilation, feather picking)

Which is FALSE? When the neurological examination of the bird takes place... a. The loss of pain perception means a fair prognosis b. The judgement of the pain receptor must be the last act c. The loss of pain perception means a very weak prognosis

a. The loss of pain perception means a fair prognosis

The treatment of leat intoxication can be carried out with... a. Ca-EDTA, D-penicillamin b. Ca-EDTA, atropine c. D-penicillamin, atropine

a. CA-EDTA, D-penicillamin

Which statement is TRUE? Atropine can be given "routinely" for intoxicated birds, if... a. Lead intoxication is suspected b. Copper intoxication is suspected c. Organophosphate intoxication is suspected

c. Organophosphate intoxication is suspected

Which method would you choose in a zoo for interventions with serious pain? a. Neuroletanalgesia b. Standing sedation c. Physical restraint

a. Neuroletanalgesia

Which statement is TRUE about primates? a. Keeping them must be avoided, because of zoonosis b. Because of the risk of zoonosis, personal safety must get a high priority c. Because of the risk of zoonosis, certain species can be treated only in protection masks and spectacles

b. Because of the risk of zoonosis, personal safety must get a high priority

Which birds can be infected by histomonas, and that is the vector?

Galliform birds Heterakis gallinae worms

What is the therapy of histomonosis?

Kilon (metronidazol)

Which birds can suffer from lymphoma?

Canaries and parrots

What is the causative agent of lymphoma?

Retroviridae virus

What non.infection agents can cause nasal discharge in birds?

Pollen Dust Smoke Fungal spores

What infectious agents can cause nasal discharge in birds?

Viruses: Paramyxovirus Bacteria: Mycoplasma Chlamydophila

What is the cause of purulent nasal discharge?

Secondary bacterial infections

Which species causes mycoplasmosis of exotic pheasants?

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Is mycoplasma species resistant or sensitive?

Sensitive Virulence for maximum 1-2 days

How can we treat mycoplasmosis in birds?

Nutritional: Vitamins, proteins, and probiotics Antibiotics: Enrofloxacin

What is the causative agent of Amazon tracheitis?

Parrot herpesvirus 2 and 3 (chicken are also sensitive)

What are the clinical symptoms of Amazon tracehitis?

Lethargy, loss of appetite, dyspnoea, nasal discharge, and conjunctivitis in parachute cases

How can you treat Amazon tracheitis in birds?

Change the place of the cage, treat secondary bacterial infections with antibiotics and vitamins, and inhalation therapy

What are the causative and clinical symptoms of paramyxovirus infection in canaries?

Causative: PMV-1 Clinical symptoms: Conjunctivitis, specific noises at respiration, sneezing and shaking the head

What are the clinical signs of histomonosis?

Black head, and yellowish foamy diarrhoea

Which part of the respiratory tract of birds is common for poxvirus, mycobacterium avium and trichomonas, and what is the treatment?

Part: Trachea Treatment: Clean the house / cage of the bird and give Ivermectin

What is the causative agent of Syngamus infection of pheasants, and what is the intermediate host?

Causative agent: Syngamus tracheae Int. host: Ring worms

What is the diagnosis and therapy of Syngamus infection in pheasants?

Diagnosis: Faecal examination and larval examination Therapy: Mebemdazol or Fenbendazol

Which bacteria are likely to cause changes in the bird lung?

Tuberculosis | E. coli

Which stains are good for differential diagnosis of bacterial infections in the bird lung?

Grocott HE PAS ZN

What are the causatives of serous, purulent, and chronic fibrinous airsacculitis in birds?

Serous: Virus, mycoplasma Purulent: Bacteria Chronic fibrinous: Bacteria, fungi

What is the causative of infectious diseases of the pericardial sac in birds?

Microfilaria

Which pathogens can cause bleeding in the pericardium?

Bacteria: Pasteurella multocida, E. rhusiopathiae, E. coli Virus: Bird flu and others

Which birds is very sensitive to nephritis virus?

Tragopans

What is the causative if kidney coccidiosis in young geese?

Eimeria truncata

Which bacteria can cause inflammation of the testis in birds?

Salmonella species: Necrotic inflammation Mycobacterium: Tubercles in the testis

Which birds are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases in the copulatory organs?

Ducks and geese due to bad keeping techniques

Do chelonians have a diaphragm?

What does the term poikilotherm mean?

Cold blooded

Why does it not make sense to take temperature from a reptile?

Because their temperature is equal to the external temperature

What is the optimal environmental temperature for reptiles?

22-27 degrees C

How many phases of shedding can be differentiated in snakes?

What is a common cause of shedding problems?

Keeping

Is bigger always better when it comes to the size of the terrarium?

How many hours of light is necessary each day (terrarium)?

8-10

In the case of tropical species of reptiles, how high humidity do they need?

90%

What kind of terrarium type do you have concerning habitat?

Rain forest Savannah Mediterranean Desert

What kind of terrarium type do you have concerning way of living?

Higher style Flat style Aqua-terrarium

Which reptiles are considered herbivorous?

Testudinidae | Green iguana

Which reptiles are considered carnivorous?

Snake Sweet (Fresh?) water turtle Monitors

Which reptiles are considered omnivorous?

Some geckos | Agamas

What are the positions for x-rays in a soft shelled turtle?

DV, LL, Cranio-caudal

Which sites can be used for blood sampling in a chelonian?

Sub-carpaxial sinus Doral coccygeal vein Vena jugularis Other (Peripheral veins or heart)

Which sites can be used for blood sampling in lizards?

Ventral coccygeal vein Heart Abdominal veins

Which sites can be used for blood sampling in snakes?

Ventral coccygeal vein Heart Vena palatina

What can be the consequence of too high humidity?

Dermatitis

What can be the consequence of too low humidity?

Shedding problems

Poxvirus dermatitis is common in which species?

Kaiman Green iguana Sceloporus sp.

What are the clinical signs of poxvirus dermatitis?

Small brownish papules, localisation

What are the most common tick infection of reptiles?

Ophinonyssus natricis

What are the clinical signs of Ophinonyssus natricis infection?

Anaemia | Shedding problems

What is the correct therapy is suspecting Ophinonyssus natricis infections?

Ivermectin | Frontline

Shell disease is most common in which type of chelonian?

Aqua chelonian | More common than tortoises

In what reptiles do you most commonly find stomatitis?

Snakes and larger lizards | Venomous snakes especially

How does stomatitis look like?

Yellowish fibrin layer | Under the fibrin you find bleeding mucosa

Treatment of stomatitis?

Change keeping environment Remove fibrin layer Enrofloxacin 4 mg/kg for 4-5 days Vitamin C injections every day

When does stomatitis commonly occur in terrestrial tortoises?

After hibernation and shipping

Which animals are commonly affected by hypertrophic gastritis?

Snakes | Geckoes

What is the pathogen, which causes hypertrophic gastritis in reptiles?

Cryptosporidium serpentis

What are the clinical signs of hypertrophic gastritis in snakes?

Weight loss Good appetite Vomiting Water-like, smelly diarrhoea

What are the clinical signs of hypertrophic gastritis in geckoes?

Weight loss | Refusal to eat

What is the treatment for hypertrophic gastritis?

Spiramycin, 160mg/kg for 7 days, repeat 2 weeks later

How to prevent hypertrophic gastritis?

Change in hygiene

What are the causative agent for acute mucoid enterocolites?

Parvovirus, Adenovirus Shigella, Proteus

What are the causative agents for acute necrotic enterocolites?

Entamoeba invadens, Trichomonas, and HExamita spp.

What is the pathogen causing ulcerative enteritis?

Kalicaphalus spp.

Which species is highly susceptible to enteritis caused by entamoeba?

Herbivorous reptiles | Carnivorous species

What are the clinical signs of entamoeba enteritis?

Loss of appetite Diarrhoea Lethargy

What are the different forms of viral pneumonia?

Acute respiratory: Wide breaths with open mouth and sneezing Chronic respiratory: Pneumonia CNS form: Incoordination Asymptomatic form: Virus carrier

What pathological lesions do you find in viral pneumonia?

Catarrhal and purulent pneumonia

What is the treatment for viral pneumonia?

Antibiotics and vitamin C

Fungal pneumonia: Susceptible species and predisposing factors?

All reptile species are affected High humidity helps fungal overgrowth

Which snake species are sensitive to parasitic pneumonia?

All snakes are sensitive

What is the causative agent of pneumonia varminosa?

Rhabdias species

Routes of infection of pneumonia verminosa?

Contaminated feed, per cutan

Therapy in case of parasitic pneumonia of snakes?

Ivermectin injection

How to perform a blood exam?

Collect blood, serology examination, blood smear, stain with giemsa

Which reptile species are susceptible to nephritis?

All species are susceptible

Most common causative agent for nephritis?

Bacteria

Type of nephritis found in reptiles?

Purulent nephritis

What is the treatment for egg myasis?

Infertile egg should be taken out from the hatchery, the healthy eggs should be transferred into clean hatching medium, and the hatchery must be cleaned and all edges should be cleaned well

In which species is it common to see post-hibernation anorexia?

Snakes and turtles

Diseases which are related to hibernation include?

Mechanical damage Post-hibernation anorexia Post-hibernation icterus Septicaemia

Which antibiotics is not to be given per os in reptiles?

Gentamycin

Which is a very good antibiotic to use with wide spectrum and less resistance (reptiles)?

Enrofloxacin

Which antibiotic is highly oto- and nephrotoxic?

Gentamycin

For how long should you keep trading reptiles with Amphotericin B?

2 weeks

How often should you use Grisofulvin?

Every 3rd day

Which disease is Nystatin highly effective against?

Enteral mystic infections

Which fungi is Amphotericin B highly effective against?

Aspergillus

What disease do you use metronidazole for in reptiles?

Entamoeba and ciliated infections

Which species should NEVER get Ivermectin?

Turtles

The colour of reptile skin depends on several factors, which are?

``` Genetics Condition Season Age Reproduction status ```

Darker skin colour may be due to what?

Stress Ilness Physiological accommodation

In which animals is it physiological to have tattered shedding?

Lizards | Bird snakes

In which species is it pathological to have tattered shedding?

Colubrid snakes

What types of dermatitis is found in reptiles?

Necrotic Ulcerative Ventral derma necrosis Nodular dermatitis

What are the symptoms of scale rot?

Brownish scales and accesses

What are the common neoplasms in reptiles?

Papillomatosis Carcinoma Melanoma

What are the clinical signs of vitamin A hypovitaminosis?

Eyelids are swollen | Hyper- and parakeratosis

What is a non-infectious case of stomatitis?

Uric acid excretion

In what cases is liver lipidosis physiological in reptiles?

Under pregnancy After hibernation Before first shedding

Under which circumstances is it physiological for reptiles to refuse feed?

Hibernation Pregnancy Breeding season Before shedding

What are the reasons for post-hibernation anorexia in reptiles?

Dehydration

What is the therapy for post-hibernation anorexia?

Rehydration by swimming in low lukewarm water

Common tumours in lung of tortoises?

Fibroma and fibrosarcoma

What is the reason are atelectatic lung in reptiles?

Overconditioning

What are the predisposing factors for pregnancy toxaemia?

Young female Big litter No resting time Malnutrition

Common tumours in lung of snakes?

Adenocarcinoma

What is the treatment if you have suspected pregnancy toxaemia?

Warm fluid Energy support Shock therapy

What are the most common pathogens causing mastitis?

Pasteurella Staphylococcus Streptococcus

What are the clinical signs of mastitis?

Swollen, warm, and painful mammary glands

Therapy in case of suspected mastitis?

Antibiotics NSAIDS Fluid therapy Hot packs

What is the most common mammary tumours?

Adenocarcinoma

Clinical findings in case of of mammary tumour?

In-homogenous palpation Not swollen Not painful

What is the treatment in case of mammary tumour?

Mammactomy of OHE

In which animal is paraphimosis common?

Chinchillas

Encephalotozoonosis is found in what species, and caused by what pathogen?

Found in rabbits Caused by E. coli

Where are the spores of encephalitozoon expelled / excreted?

Urine

What is the infection route of encephalitozoon?

Per os or aerogenous

What are the symptoms in a rabbit with encephalitozoon infection?

``` Head tilt Behavioural changes Nystagmus Seizures Interstitial nephritis and renal failure PD / PU ```

Treatment of Encephalitozoon infections

Dexamethrason Chloramphenicol Oxibendazole Diazepam

Is Encephalitozoon infections zoonotic?

Yes

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis affects which species?

All rodents, especially mice and hamsters

What are the 4 different forms of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis and their clinical symptoms?

Cerebral form: Abnormal posture, tremor, tonic clonic seizures, and death Visceral form: Conjunctivitis, ascites, and lethargy Late form: 9-12 months after natal or prenatal infection, causes lethargy, ascites, and proteinuria Vestigial form: Abnormal development and death

What is the pathogen that causes LCM (Lymphocytic choriomeningitis)?

Arenavirus

What are the clinical signs of trauma or stroke in rodents / rabbits?

Head tilt and CNS symptoms

What is the preferred treatment of stroke?

Glucocorticoids | Vitamin B supplement

What are the symptoms of heat stroke in rabbits and rodents?

Bad general status Seizures Dyspnoea Warm body

Treatment when suspecting heat stroke?

Cooling of the body Shock treatment Diuretics Oxygen

Hind-limb weakness, cause and treatment?

Spinal cord injury Glucocorticoids Vitamin B Euthanasia

Diabetes mellitus affects which species in particular?

Degus

Lymphoma is common in which species?

Commonly in guinea pigs and rabbits

Lymphoma in guinea pigs is caused by?

Retrovirus

What are the diseases related to obesity?

``` Pododermatitis Hypercalcuria Incontinentia Dermatitis Hepatic lipidosis Dystochia Joint problems Spinal problems ```

To which family does the ferret belong?

Mustellidae

Which three ferret species do we have?

M. putenus M. Eversmannt M. nigripes

What are the uses of ferrets?

``` Rodent control Hunting Pelt Biomedical research Cable transport Sports Companionship ```

What is the body weight of a ferret?

1. 5-2 kg in males | 0. 6-1 kg in females

How long does the ferrets approximately live?

7-9 years

When is a ferret mature?

6-12 months

How long is the gestation period of ferrets, and when are they weaned?

41-43 days gestation Weaned after 6-8 weeks

What is the normal body temperature of the ferrets?

38-39,5 C

What can you say about the digestive tract of ferrets?

Big, dilating stomach Very short GI tract Carnivorous GI parasitism is rare

How can the diet help prevent or treat hypocalcuria?

``` More vegetables Grass / hay Fresh water Less seeds Timothy-based pellets ```

Chronic renal failure is common at what age?

Old age

Ovarian cysts are common in which species, and at what age?

Guinea pigs after 1,5 years

How do you diagnose ovarian cysts?

Palpation | Found behind the kidneys (round shape) and US

What is the treatment in case of ovarian cysts?

Ovarian hysterectomy

In which animals is endometritis and uterine tumours common?

Rabbits

Pyometra in rabbits is caused by which pathogens?

Pasteurella multocida | Staph. aureus

How do you prevent Adenocarcinoma in rabbits?

Spaying (under 2 years of age)

Dystochia is common in which species?

Guinea pigs

What is the cause of dystocia in guinea pigs?

Large foetuses Permanent fusion of the symphysis pelvis Abnormal position of the foetus

What is the treatment of dystocia?

Calcium and oxytocin C-section OHE and manual removal of foetus

How do you prevent dystocia in guinea pigs?

Should not breed until minimum 6 months old | Separate males and females at at 3-4 weeks of age

When does the symphysis fusion happen in guinea pigs?

1-1,5 years

How long is the resting time (between pregnancies) in guinea pigs?

Minimum 1 month

Pregnancy toxaemia is especially important in which species?

Guinea pigs Chinchillas Rabbits

What is the time period you should expect pregnancy toxaemia?

2 weeks of pregnancy and 1 week after delivery

Which species are prone to vitamin B1 hypovitaminosis?

Water snake species

What is the clinical symptoms of vitamin B1 hypovitaminosis?

Moving disorder

What are the parts of the carpax?

Nuchale Neuralia Costalia Marginalia

What are the parts of the pasitrom?

``` Gularia Humeralia Pectoralia Abdominalia Femoralia Analia ```

What type of blood sampling tubes should be used to take blood samples in reptiles?

Li-heparin

What may be the reason for tattered shedding?

``` Low humidity High temperature Absence og rubbing material Absence of water Ophionyssus natricis ```

What are the clinical signs of tattered shedding?

Old skin remains Nervousness Feed refusal

What is the appropriate therapy for tattered shedding?

Swimming water

What may be the cause of failed shedding?

Too low or too high temperature

What may be the cause of shortened shedding cycle?

Damage of skin After surgery or bite Too high thyroxin levels High temperature

Which species are referred to as large agamas?

Iguana iguana (Green iguana) Barbed dragons Water agamas

What may be the cause of rostral skin damage in large agamas?

Too small terrarium Too many adult males Bad environment

What is the correct therapy for rostral skin damage in large agamas?

Change of keeping and antibiotics

What may be the cause of you see scarring of the skin?

Prey bite, fighting and fixing Bute during copulation

What may be the reason for generalised oedema in reptiles?

Heart or kidney failure

What is another name for ventral dermal necrosis?

Scale rot

How to prevent egg myiasis?

Clean hatchery

Why does mycosis happen in eggs?

Inappropriate hatching medium

What happened is you use peat (turf) as hatching medium?

No mildew

What happens if you use peril as hatching medium?

Mould may occur

How to treat mycosis in eggs?

Affected area should be dusted with carbon activates

In which (reptile) species does encephalitis occur?

Snakes

What are the causative agents for encephalitis in snakes?

Paramyxovirus Systemic mycosis Tophus

In which (reptile) species is internal ear inflammation common?

Turtles

What is internal ear inflammation caused by?

Bacterial infections

What are the symptoms of internal ear inflammation?

Lateral part of head is enlarged

How to treat internal ear inflammation?

Surgery and antibiotic injection

When is it physiological to have opal / white discolouration of the eyes in snakes?

During shedding

What is the causative agent is you have chronic eye infections?

MIte infection

What are the reasons for developing ceratopathy?

Post-hibernation ceratopathy, lipidosis, and erosion

What is the proposed therapy for Entamoeba enteritis?

Metonidasole 250 mg / kg every 2nd day 3x high temperature Vitamin injections

How to prevent entamoeba enteritis?

Separate carnivorous snakes and lizards from herbivores

What is the aetiology behind discilliasis of snakes?

Too low temperature under the digestion

Causative agent for acute purulent-like hepatitis?

Bacteria

Chronic hepatitis with tubercle formation is caused by which pathogen?

Mycobacterium Fungi Algae

Nodular hepatitis is caused by which type of parasite?

Capillaria and larvae migrans viscellaris

What types of hepatitis are found in reptiles?

Acute purulent Necrotic Chronic with tubercle formation Nodular

What is the most common viruses causing hepatitis?

Iridovirus, herpesvirus, and adenovirus

Rhinitis and sinusitis most commonly affects which reptile species?

Terrestrial tortoises

Causes for rhinitis and sinusitis?

Herpesvirus and iridovirus Allergic, non-infectious Interstitial parasitosis Fungal spores

Clinical signs of sinusitis and rhinitis?

Serous to purulent discharge

Which snake types are sensitive to viral pneumonia?

Venomous and colubrid

Causative agent for viral pneumonia in snakes?

Paramyxovirus

What is the most common surgical procedures in rodents and rabbits?

``` Explorative laparotomy Excision of neoplasms Ovary-hysterectomy Exstirpatio bulbi Cystotomy ```

What is the maintenance volume of isoflurane?

2 - 2.5%

What is the introduction volume of isoflurane?

4 - 5%

Dosages of painkillers intra- and postoperative?

Butorphanol: 3mg/kg Flunixin: 1-10mg/kg Ketoprofen: 5-10mg/kg

What is the species causing intestinal coccidiosis in guinea pigs?

Eimeria caviae

What are the clinical signs of intestinal coccidiosis of guinea pigs and rabbits, and what is the treatment?

Clinical signs: Bloody diarrhoea, weight lodd Treatment: Sulphonamides

What are the causative agents for alopecia and pruritus?

Husbandry problems

What can be the causative agents for dermatitis?

Fungi Bacteria Parasites Allergy

Clinical signs of flea dermatitis?

Discomfort Pruritus Fur and skin damage

Clinical signs of lice dermatitis?

Pruritus and nervous animal

Give an example of common mites which cause dermatitis?

Gyropus ovalis Chirodiscoides caviae Trixacarus caviae

Which animals have most commonly problems with their marking glands?

Hamsters and gerbils

Which animal get atheroma?

Guinea pigs

What is a good diet in case of malnutrition status in an animal?

Good quality commercial food Apples Good quality hay

What may be the cause of malocclusion?

``` Teeth growing the wrong way Incomplete wear Prognatha inferior Trauma Malnutrition ```

What may be the symptom of malocclusion?

Anorexia; stop eating due to pain Increased salivation; moist dermatitis Injury Ulceration

What can you use to examine the teeth in rodents?

Vaginal speculum and otoscope

Which animals primarily get cheek pouch impaction?

Hamsters

Symptoms of zootrichobezoar?

Anorexia | Weight loss

Treatment of zootrichobezoar?

Intensive fluid treatment Laxatives GI-motility stimulators Enzyme extract or fresh pineapple juice