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ANP 1107A > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after

A

they undergo capacitation

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2
Q

Milk ejection (the letdown reflex) is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?

A

Oxytocin

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3
Q

The corpus luteum prevents loss of the implanted enbryo through menstruation by secreting

A

estrogens and progesterone

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4
Q

Proteases and acrosin are enzymes. How do they function in reproduction?

A

They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate.

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5
Q

Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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6
Q

Which of the following is NOT a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?
A) foramen ovale–> fossa ovalis
B) ductus venosus–> ligamentum venosum
C) ductus arteriosus–>ligamentum teres
d) umbilical arteries–> medial and umbilical ligaments

A

C) ductus arteriosus–>ligamentum teres

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7
Q

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle progesterone levels…

A

… are at their highest

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8
Q

Select the correct statement abut the uterine cycle.
A) During the scretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest
B) The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8
C) During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle begins to produce more hormone.
D) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.

A

D) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.

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9
Q 
Which of the choices below is not part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
A) thalamus
B) hypothalamus
C) anterior pituitary
D) interstitial cells
A

A) thalamus

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10
Q

Normally menstruation occurs when…

A

… blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

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11
Q

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that.

A

In oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell

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12
Q

Which one of the following will occur after ovulation?
A) The corpus luteum prepares to become a corpus albicans
B) The endometrium enters its secretory phase
C) The corpus luteum secretes estrogen only
D) The secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins in enhanced.

A

B) The endometrium enters its secretory phase

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13
Q

The period from fertilization through week eight is called the embryonic period

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Fertilization occurs while the egg is still in the ovarian follicle

A

FALSE

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15
Q

Freshly deposited sperm are not immediately capable of penetrating an oocyte

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Implantation begins six to seven days after ovulation

A

TRUE

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17
Q

A pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect growth hormone (GH) levels in a woman’s blood or urine

A

FALSE

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18
Q

A pregnant women urinates more often than usual because the uterus compresses the bladder, her metabolic rate and blood volume are increased, and she must also dispose of fetal metabolic wastes

A

TRUE

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19
Q

The “fluid-filled, hollow ball of cells” stage of development is the blastocyst

A

TRUE

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20
Q

The embryonic period lasts until the end of the eighth week

A

TRUE

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21
Q

In fetal circulation, one way in which blood bypasses the non-functional lungs is by way of the foramen ovale

A

TRUE

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22
Q

The placenta and its attached fetal membranes are collectively called afterbirth

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Human placental lactogen initiates labor

A

FALSE

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24
Q

A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells, while the morula is a solid ball of cell.

A

TRUE

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25
Q

A zygote is usually formed within the uterus

A

FALSE

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26
Q

Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis

A

TRUE

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27
Q

Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.

A

FALSE

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28
Q

Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS

A

TRUE

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29
Q

The term hypotonic hydration refers to

A

a condition that may result in renal insufficiency of drinking extraordinary amounts of water

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30
Q

When ADH levels are low

A

most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed

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31
Q

Which hormone is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid

A

aldosterone

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32
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to

A

reduce bloop pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

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33
Q

Respiratory acidosis can occur when
A) a runner has completed a very long marathon
B) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
C) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
D) a person’s breathing is shallow due to obstruction

A

D) a person’s breathing is shallow due to obstruction

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34
Q

An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated?

A

increased respiratory rate and depth

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35
Q

A boy who has not passed puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would

A

be unable to produce viable sperm

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36
Q

Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true?
A) Rebudding of the endometrium is under the control of prolactin
B) The monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones
C) Ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses
D) Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tube

A

A) Rebudding of the endometrium is under the control of prolactin

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37
Q

A low secretion of LH in the normal male adult would cause

A

decreased testosterone secretion

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38
Q

All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except
A) The CL is formed by the ruptured follicle after ovulation
B) FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
C) A decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstuation
D) Estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle

A

B) FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium

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39
Q

Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?

A

regression of the CL and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion

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40
Q 
The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following?
A) Epididymis
B) Ductus deferens
C) urethra
D) Corpus spongiosum
A

D) Corpus spongiosum

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41
Q

How do the testes respond to excessive body warmth?

A

They move away from the pelvic cavity

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42
Q 
Effects of estrogen include
A) Growth of the larynx
B) Deepening of the voice
C) Growth of the breasts at puberty
D) Increased oiliness of the skin
A

C) Growth of the breasts at puberty

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43
Q

Secretion of progesterone stimulates
A) Contraction of uterine muscles
B) Development of the female secondary sex characteristics
C) Preparation of the mammary glands for lactation
D) Proliferation of the uterine myometrium

A

C) Preparation of the mammary glands for lactation

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44
Q

Which of the following occurs as a result of undescended testes?
A) Inadequate blood supply will retard the development of the testes
B) Inadequate or non-viable sperm will be produced
C) Sperm will have no means of exit from the body
D) Male sex hormones will not be circulated in the body

A

B) Inadequate or non-viable sperm will be produced

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45
Q

Which of the choices below is not a function of the vagina?
A) Serves as the birth canal
B) receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse
C) Serves as a passageway for menstrual flow
D) Serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

A

D) Serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

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46
Q

Which of the choices below is not a function of testosterone?
A) stimulates the male pattern of development
B) Stimulates protein synthesis
C) Contributes to male sexual behaviour and spermatogenesis
D) stimulates mammary gland development

A

D) stimulates mammary gland development

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47
Q

Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH?

A

inhibin

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48
Q

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?
A) increased extracellular fluid water levels
B) sympathetic stimulation
C) decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles
D) decreased filtrate NaCl concentration

A

A) increased extracellular fluid water levels

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49
Q

Which of the following hormones functions to increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the principal cell apical membranes?

A

ADH

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50
Q

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of

A

the control of respiratory ventilation

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51
Q

The regulation of sodium

A

is linked to blood pressure

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52
Q

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly.

A

metabolic acidosis

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53
Q

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value

A

metabolic alkalosis

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54
Q

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is

A

potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid

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55
Q

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the

A

bicarbonate buffer system

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56
Q

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due t pneumonia or emphysema indicates

A

respiratory acidosis

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57
Q

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion an water retention?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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58
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?
A) Chemical buffers
B) renal mechanisms
C) respiratory changes
D) diet
A

D) diet

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59
Q 
Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system
A) Phosphate
B) bicarbonate
C) protein
D) nucleic acid
A

D) nucleic acid

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60
Q

All but one of the following statements are true regarding the differences between early and late spermatids. Select the answer below that does not reflect a difference between early and late spermatids.
A) Early spermatids are round and have excess cytoplasm.
B) Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid
C) early spermatids have not undergone spermiogenesis
D) early spermatids have not formed a flagella

A

B) Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid

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61
Q

All of the following events described below occur during spermiogenesis. Select the statement that does not occur during spermiogenesis.
A) The centrioles migrate to the posterior end on the developing sperm to form the microtubules that make up the flagellum
B) Mitochondral DNA is packaged into the nucleus to be delivered to the egg during fertilization
C) Excessive cytoplasm will be shed arounf the proximal end of the flagellum. They will provide the ATP to drive the motion of the flagellum

A

B) Mitochondral DNA is packaged into the nucleus to be delivered to the egg during fertilization

62
Q

All but one of the statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one that is false.
A) The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis
B) The barrier marks the border between the basal compartment and the adluminal compartment
C) The barrier separates the spermatocytes dividing by meiosis from exposing their unique antigens to the immune system
D) Sustentocytes for the barrier with tight junctions

A

A) The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis

63
Q

All but one of the statements is true of uterine function. Select the statement that is not true of uterine function
A) The endometrium has a functional layer that the embryo will implant into
B) Its rhythmic, reverse peristalsis can propel sperm toward the egg
C) The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization
D) The myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during childbirth

A

C) The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization

64
Q

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play?
A) They regulate the temperature of the testes
B) They contract to allow ejaculation
C) They contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens
D) They are responsible for penile erection

A

A) They regulate the temperature of the testes

65
Q

The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to

A

peristaltic contractions

66
Q

When adosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal covoluted tubule

A

TRUE

67
Q

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion

A

TRUE

68
Q

Some potassium ions are reabsorbed by the kidney fitrate via type A intercalated cells, a unique population of collecting duct cells

A

TRUE

69
Q

Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium

A

FALSE

70
Q

To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output

A

TRUE

71
Q

The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them

A

TRUE

72
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention

A

FALSE

73
Q

Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal

A

TRUE

74
Q

The 2 hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin

A

FALSE

75
Q

Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low

A

FALSE

76
Q

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45

A

TRUE

77
Q

THe phosphate buffer is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma

A

TRUE

78
Q

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system

A

TRUE

79
Q

Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient

A

TRUE

80
Q

The testis is divided into semineferous tubules which contain the lobules that produce sperm and the ejaculatory duct that allows the sperm to be ejected from the body

A

FALSE

81
Q

THe smaller cell produced by oogenesis I, called the first polar body, is essentially a packet of discarded nuclear material

A

TRUE

82
Q

A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes

A

FALSE

83
Q

Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle

A

FALSE

84
Q

The CL secretes progesterone only

A

FALSE

85
Q

The primary function of the testis is to produced testosterone

A

FALSE

86
Q

The stage in meiosis where chromosomal exchange takes place is telophase

A

FALSE

87
Q

The testes are innervated by the sympathetic division of the ANS only

A

FALSE

88
Q

The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endomertrium

A

TRUE

89
Q

A scrotal muscle that contracts in response to cold environment is the cremaster

A

TRUE

90
Q

The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse

A

TRUE

91
Q

The zona pellucida is formed as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle

A

TRUE

92
Q

The molecule that enhances the ability of testosterone to promote spermatogenesis is inhibin

A

FALSE

93
Q

Sperm are ejaculated from the corpora cavernosa of the penis

A

FALSE

94
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes

95
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

involves FSH and LH release

96
Q

Select the correct answer about testosterone control
A) Inhibin and testosterone exert positive feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary
B) FSH stimulates testicular production of tetosterone
C) The pineal gland is believed to be the gland that exerts the most influence in testosterone control
D) GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary

A

D) GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary

97
Q

Which of the following is a correct statement about the uterine tubes?
A) The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary
B) The isthmus is the normal site of fertilization
C) The mesometrium supports the uterine tubes along their entire length
D) The ampulla is the narrow constricted region

A

A) The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary

98
Q

Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle

A

High estrogen levels results in a surge of LH release

99
Q

Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is not true?
A) Each spermatid forms 2 sperm
B) The secondary spermatocytes each form 2 spermatids
C) The spermatogonium forms the primary spermatocyte
D) The primary spermatocyte forms 2 secondary spermatocyte

A

A) Each spermatid forms 2 sperm

100
Q

It is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temperature for abundant, viable sperm formation

A

TRUE

101
Q

When a couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, it is necessary to investigate the sperm of the male

A

TRUE

102
Q

THe amount of testosterone and sperm produced by the testes is dependent on the influence of FSH alone

A

FALSE

103
Q

Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs

A

FALSE

104
Q

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is

A

A rise in plasma osmolarity

105
Q

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some picked eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?

A

There will be a temporary increase in blood volume

106
Q

Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone, and like aldosterone, enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules?

A

Estrogen

107
Q

Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

108
Q 
If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy?
A) Anion levels
B) Sodium levels
C) Calcium ion levels
D) Potassium ion levels
A

Calcium ion levels

109
Q

Falling arterial blood pressure promotes

A

Vasoconstriction

110
Q

A uterine test reveals a positive result for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This indicates “ “ was successful

A

Implantation

111
Q

As the infant’s head is forced against the cervix with each contraction, the cervix effaces, which means that it

A

THINS

112
Q

In the block to polyspermy, entry of sperm’s contents causes “ “ levels in the oocyte’s cytoplasm to rise, triggering the cortical reaction

A

calcium ion

113
Q

The most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid is sodium

A

FALSE

114
Q

Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients

A

FALSE

115
Q

The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus

A

TRUE

116
Q

Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus

A

TRUE

117
Q

It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions

A

FALSE

118
Q

Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration

A

TRUE

119
Q

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, and urine only

A

FALSE

120
Q

Excessive loss of water from the ECF leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis.

A

TRUE

121
Q

Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentation in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume

A

TRUE

122
Q

Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte imbalance and to the homeostasis of all body systems

A

TRUE

123
Q

During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered?

A

Expulsion stage

124
Q

Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers?
A) hormones, blood cells and nutrients
B) nutrients and respiratory gases only
C) respiratory gases, hormones, nutrients and blood cells
D) nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol

A

D) nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol

125
Q 
Which of the following is NOT usually considered a teratogen?
A) German measles
B) nicotine
C) aspirin
D) wine
A

C) aspirin

126
Q

Which of the following occurs if implantation is successful?

A

The CL is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone-producing functions

127
Q

Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels
A) The distal parts of the umbilical arteries from the superior vesical arteries
B) The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.
C) The hepatic portal vein forms the umbilical artery
D) The fossa ovalis becomes the foramen ovale

A

B) The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.

128
Q

At what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?

A

fertilization

129
Q

Shortly after implantation

A

the trophoblast forms 2 distinct layers

130
Q

The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the

A

placental tissue

131
Q

The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath. Which of the following is also true?
A) The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum
B) The urinary system is activated at birth
C) The foramen ovale between the atria of the fetal heart closes at the moment of birth
D) The ductus venosus is disconnected

A

A) The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum

132
Q

Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella. What other factor is involved in sperm movement?

A

reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes

133
Q 
At what stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled?
A) placental
B) expulsion
C) dystocia
D) full dilation
A

A) placental

134
Q

Which hormone is NOT produced by the placenta?

A

oxytocin

135
Q 
Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?
A) respiratory system
B) urinary system
C) digestive system
D) cardiovascular system
A

D) cardiovascular system

136
Q

Thalidomide was once used to treat intense nausea and morning sickness in pregnant women. Unfortunately, if administered at certain points during gestation it resulted in limb malformation. This drug is an example of a(n)

A

teratogen

137
Q

The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is

A

zygote, morula, blastocyst

138
Q

Prior to the let-down reflex, the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called “ “ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat

A

colostrum

139
Q

How long is the secondary oocyte viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated

A

12-24 hours

140
Q

Select the correct statement about fertilization
A) If estrogen is present, the pathway through the cervical opening is blocked from sperm entry
B) Both spermatozoa and the ovulated secondary oocyte remain viable for about 72 hours in the female reproductive tract
C) Once inside the uterus, most sperm cells are protected and remain viable
D) Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina’s acidic environment

A

D) Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina’s acidic environment

141
Q 
Which of the following is NOT an essential role of salts in the body?
A) Anabolism of lipids
B) secretory activity
C) Neuromuscular activity
D) membrane permeability
A

A) Anabolism of lipids

142
Q 
Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?
A) Glucocorticoids
B) Aldosterone
C) Water levels
D) ADH
A

B) Aldosterone

143
Q

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is

A

plasma

144
Q

In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance?

A

kidneys retain bicarbonate ions

145
Q

Whereas sodium if found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most “ “ is found in the intracellular fluid

A

Potassium

146
Q

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

A

K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

147
Q

Which of the following glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen?

A

the seminal vesicles

148
Q 
Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
A) LH
B) GnRH
c) testosterone
d) FSH
A

B) GnRH

149
Q

The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the

A

fallopian tubes

150
Q

Human egg and sperm are similar in that

A

they have the same number of chromosomes

151
Q

Fertilization generally occurs in the

A

fallopian tubes

ANP 1107A (1 decks)

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