FINAL EXAM Flashcards
It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after
they undergo capacitation
Milk ejection (the letdown reflex) is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?
Oxytocin
The corpus luteum prevents loss of the implanted enbryo through menstruation by secreting
estrogens and progesterone
Proteases and acrosin are enzymes. How do they function in reproduction?
They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate.
Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?
human chorionic gonadotropin
Which of the following is NOT a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?
A) foramen ovale–> fossa ovalis
B) ductus venosus–> ligamentum venosum
C) ductus arteriosus–>ligamentum teres
d) umbilical arteries–> medial and umbilical ligaments
C) ductus arteriosus–>ligamentum teres
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle progesterone levels…
… are at their highest
Select the correct statement abut the uterine cycle.
A) During the scretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest
B) The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8
C) During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle begins to produce more hormone.
D) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
D) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
Which of the choices below is not part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis? A) thalamus B) hypothalamus C) anterior pituitary D) interstitial cells
A) thalamus
Normally menstruation occurs when…
… blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that.
In oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell
Which one of the following will occur after ovulation?
A) The corpus luteum prepares to become a corpus albicans
B) The endometrium enters its secretory phase
C) The corpus luteum secretes estrogen only
D) The secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins in enhanced.
B) The endometrium enters its secretory phase
The period from fertilization through week eight is called the embryonic period
TRUE
Fertilization occurs while the egg is still in the ovarian follicle
FALSE
Freshly deposited sperm are not immediately capable of penetrating an oocyte
TRUE
Implantation begins six to seven days after ovulation
TRUE
A pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect growth hormone (GH) levels in a woman’s blood or urine
FALSE
A pregnant women urinates more often than usual because the uterus compresses the bladder, her metabolic rate and blood volume are increased, and she must also dispose of fetal metabolic wastes
TRUE
The “fluid-filled, hollow ball of cells” stage of development is the blastocyst
TRUE
The embryonic period lasts until the end of the eighth week
TRUE
In fetal circulation, one way in which blood bypasses the non-functional lungs is by way of the foramen ovale
TRUE
The placenta and its attached fetal membranes are collectively called afterbirth
TRUE
Human placental lactogen initiates labor
FALSE
A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells, while the morula is a solid ball of cell.
TRUE
A zygote is usually formed within the uterus
FALSE
Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis
TRUE
Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.
FALSE
Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS
TRUE
The term hypotonic hydration refers to
a condition that may result in renal insufficiency of drinking extraordinary amounts of water
When ADH levels are low
most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
Which hormone is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid
aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to
reduce bloop pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
Respiratory acidosis can occur when
A) a runner has completed a very long marathon
B) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
C) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
D) a person’s breathing is shallow due to obstruction
D) a person’s breathing is shallow due to obstruction
An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated?
increased respiratory rate and depth
A boy who has not passed puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would
be unable to produce viable sperm
Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true?
A) Rebudding of the endometrium is under the control of prolactin
B) The monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones
C) Ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses
D) Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tube
A) Rebudding of the endometrium is under the control of prolactin
A low secretion of LH in the normal male adult would cause
decreased testosterone secretion
All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except
A) The CL is formed by the ruptured follicle after ovulation
B) FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
C) A decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstuation
D) Estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle
B) FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?
regression of the CL and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following? A) Epididymis B) Ductus deferens C) urethra D) Corpus spongiosum
D) Corpus spongiosum
How do the testes respond to excessive body warmth?
They move away from the pelvic cavity
Effects of estrogen include A) Growth of the larynx B) Deepening of the voice C) Growth of the breasts at puberty D) Increased oiliness of the skin
C) Growth of the breasts at puberty
Secretion of progesterone stimulates
A) Contraction of uterine muscles
B) Development of the female secondary sex characteristics
C) Preparation of the mammary glands for lactation
D) Proliferation of the uterine myometrium
C) Preparation of the mammary glands for lactation
Which of the following occurs as a result of undescended testes?
A) Inadequate blood supply will retard the development of the testes
B) Inadequate or non-viable sperm will be produced
C) Sperm will have no means of exit from the body
D) Male sex hormones will not be circulated in the body
B) Inadequate or non-viable sperm will be produced
Which of the choices below is not a function of the vagina?
A) Serves as the birth canal
B) receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse
C) Serves as a passageway for menstrual flow
D) Serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte
D) Serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte
Which of the choices below is not a function of testosterone?
A) stimulates the male pattern of development
B) Stimulates protein synthesis
C) Contributes to male sexual behaviour and spermatogenesis
D) stimulates mammary gland development
D) stimulates mammary gland development
Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH?
inhibin
Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?
A) increased extracellular fluid water levels
B) sympathetic stimulation
C) decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles
D) decreased filtrate NaCl concentration
A) increased extracellular fluid water levels
Which of the following hormones functions to increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the principal cell apical membranes?
ADH
The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of
the control of respiratory ventilation
The regulation of sodium
is linked to blood pressure
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly.
metabolic acidosis
A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value
metabolic alkalosis
The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is
potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the
bicarbonate buffer system
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due t pneumonia or emphysema indicates
respiratory acidosis
What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion an water retention?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A) Chemical buffers B) renal mechanisms C) respiratory changes D) diet
D) diet
Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system A) Phosphate B) bicarbonate C) protein D) nucleic acid
D) nucleic acid
All but one of the following statements are true regarding the differences between early and late spermatids. Select the answer below that does not reflect a difference between early and late spermatids.
A) Early spermatids are round and have excess cytoplasm.
B) Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid
C) early spermatids have not undergone spermiogenesis
D) early spermatids have not formed a flagella
B) Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid
All of the following events described below occur during spermiogenesis. Select the statement that does not occur during spermiogenesis.
A) The centrioles migrate to the posterior end on the developing sperm to form the microtubules that make up the flagellum
B) Mitochondral DNA is packaged into the nucleus to be delivered to the egg during fertilization
C) Excessive cytoplasm will be shed arounf the proximal end of the flagellum. They will provide the ATP to drive the motion of the flagellum
B) Mitochondral DNA is packaged into the nucleus to be delivered to the egg during fertilization
All but one of the statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one that is false.
A) The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis
B) The barrier marks the border between the basal compartment and the adluminal compartment
C) The barrier separates the spermatocytes dividing by meiosis from exposing their unique antigens to the immune system
D) Sustentocytes for the barrier with tight junctions
A) The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis
All but one of the statements is true of uterine function. Select the statement that is not true of uterine function
A) The endometrium has a functional layer that the embryo will implant into
B) Its rhythmic, reverse peristalsis can propel sperm toward the egg
C) The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization
D) The myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during childbirth
C) The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization
The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play?
A) They regulate the temperature of the testes
B) They contract to allow ejaculation
C) They contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens
D) They are responsible for penile erection
A) They regulate the temperature of the testes
The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to
peristaltic contractions
When adosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal covoluted tubule
TRUE
Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion
TRUE
Some potassium ions are reabsorbed by the kidney fitrate via type A intercalated cells, a unique population of collecting duct cells
TRUE
Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium
FALSE
To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output
TRUE
The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them
TRUE
Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention
FALSE
Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal
TRUE
The 2 hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin
FALSE
Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low
FALSE
The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45
TRUE
THe phosphate buffer is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma
TRUE
The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system
TRUE
Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient
TRUE
The testis is divided into semineferous tubules which contain the lobules that produce sperm and the ejaculatory duct that allows the sperm to be ejected from the body
FALSE
THe smaller cell produced by oogenesis I, called the first polar body, is essentially a packet of discarded nuclear material
TRUE
A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes
FALSE
Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle
FALSE
The CL secretes progesterone only
FALSE
The primary function of the testis is to produced testosterone
FALSE
The stage in meiosis where chromosomal exchange takes place is telophase
FALSE
The testes are innervated by the sympathetic division of the ANS only
FALSE
The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endomertrium
TRUE
A scrotal muscle that contracts in response to cold environment is the cremaster
TRUE
The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse
TRUE
The zona pellucida is formed as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle
TRUE
The molecule that enhances the ability of testosterone to promote spermatogenesis is inhibin
FALSE
Sperm are ejaculated from the corpora cavernosa of the penis
FALSE
Spermatogenesis
involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
involves FSH and LH release
Select the correct answer about testosterone control
A) Inhibin and testosterone exert positive feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary
B) FSH stimulates testicular production of tetosterone
C) The pineal gland is believed to be the gland that exerts the most influence in testosterone control
D) GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary
D) GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary
Which of the following is a correct statement about the uterine tubes?
A) The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary
B) The isthmus is the normal site of fertilization
C) The mesometrium supports the uterine tubes along their entire length
D) The ampulla is the narrow constricted region
A) The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary
Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle
High estrogen levels results in a surge of LH release
Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is not true?
A) Each spermatid forms 2 sperm
B) The secondary spermatocytes each form 2 spermatids
C) The spermatogonium forms the primary spermatocyte
D) The primary spermatocyte forms 2 secondary spermatocyte
A) Each spermatid forms 2 sperm
It is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temperature for abundant, viable sperm formation
TRUE
When a couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, it is necessary to investigate the sperm of the male
TRUE
THe amount of testosterone and sperm produced by the testes is dependent on the influence of FSH alone
FALSE
Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs
FALSE
One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is
A rise in plasma osmolarity
Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some picked eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?
There will be a temporary increase in blood volume
Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone, and like aldosterone, enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules?
Estrogen
Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent?
Respiratory alkalosis
If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy? A) Anion levels B) Sodium levels C) Calcium ion levels D) Potassium ion levels
Calcium ion levels
Falling arterial blood pressure promotes
Vasoconstriction
A uterine test reveals a positive result for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This indicates “ “ was successful
Implantation
As the infant’s head is forced against the cervix with each contraction, the cervix effaces, which means that it
THINS
In the block to polyspermy, entry of sperm’s contents causes “ “ levels in the oocyte’s cytoplasm to rise, triggering the cortical reaction
calcium ion
The most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid is sodium
FALSE
Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients
FALSE
The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus
TRUE
Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus
TRUE
It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions
FALSE
Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration
TRUE
Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, and urine only
FALSE
Excessive loss of water from the ECF leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis.
TRUE
Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentation in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume
TRUE
Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte imbalance and to the homeostasis of all body systems
TRUE
During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered?
Expulsion stage
Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers?
A) hormones, blood cells and nutrients
B) nutrients and respiratory gases only
C) respiratory gases, hormones, nutrients and blood cells
D) nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol
D) nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol
Which of the following is NOT usually considered a teratogen? A) German measles B) nicotine C) aspirin D) wine
C) aspirin
Which of the following occurs if implantation is successful?
The CL is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone-producing functions
Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels
A) The distal parts of the umbilical arteries from the superior vesical arteries
B) The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.
C) The hepatic portal vein forms the umbilical artery
D) The fossa ovalis becomes the foramen ovale
B) The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.
At what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?
fertilization
Shortly after implantation
the trophoblast forms 2 distinct layers
The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the
placental tissue
The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath. Which of the following is also true?
A) The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum
B) The urinary system is activated at birth
C) The foramen ovale between the atria of the fetal heart closes at the moment of birth
D) The ductus venosus is disconnected
A) The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum
Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella. What other factor is involved in sperm movement?
reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes
At what stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled? A) placental B) expulsion C) dystocia D) full dilation
A) placental
Which hormone is NOT produced by the placenta?
oxytocin
Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy? A) respiratory system B) urinary system C) digestive system D) cardiovascular system
D) cardiovascular system
Thalidomide was once used to treat intense nausea and morning sickness in pregnant women. Unfortunately, if administered at certain points during gestation it resulted in limb malformation. This drug is an example of a(n)
teratogen
The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is
zygote, morula, blastocyst
Prior to the let-down reflex, the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called “ “ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat
colostrum
How long is the secondary oocyte viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated
12-24 hours
Select the correct statement about fertilization
A) If estrogen is present, the pathway through the cervical opening is blocked from sperm entry
B) Both spermatozoa and the ovulated secondary oocyte remain viable for about 72 hours in the female reproductive tract
C) Once inside the uterus, most sperm cells are protected and remain viable
D) Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina’s acidic environment
D) Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina’s acidic environment
Which of the following is NOT an essential role of salts in the body? A) Anabolism of lipids B) secretory activity C) Neuromuscular activity D) membrane permeability
A) Anabolism of lipids
Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? A) Glucocorticoids B) Aldosterone C) Water levels D) ADH
B) Aldosterone
The fluid link between the external and internal environment is
plasma
In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance?
kidneys retain bicarbonate ions
Whereas sodium if found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most “ “ is found in the intracellular fluid
Potassium
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?
K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
Which of the following glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen?
the seminal vesicles
Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins? A) LH B) GnRH c) testosterone d) FSH
B) GnRH
The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the
fallopian tubes
Human egg and sperm are similar in that
they have the same number of chromosomes
Fertilization generally occurs in the
fallopian tubes
