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Kinesiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of the skeletal system

A
  1. To protect internal organs
  2. To provide rigid kinematic links
  3. To provide muscle attachment sites
  4. To facilitate muscle action and body mov’t (support weight)
  5. To contain marrow which manufactures red blood cells
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2
Q

A kinematic chain is:

A
  1. A series of successive (adjoined and articulating) segments
  2. A series of single jt segments
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3
Q

What are the 3 jt, types

A
  1. Syathrotic
  2. Amphiarthrotic (cartilagiorous)
  3. Diarthrotic
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4
Q

Syathrotic jt

A

no mov’t; edges of the bone are united by a thin layer of fibirous tissue

-EX: SKULL

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5
Q

Amphiarthrotic jt

A

slightly moveable, permite mov’t in bending and twisting motion

EX: vertebrae, tibiofibular jt

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6
Q

Diarthrotic jt Definition

A

free moveable
Characteristics:
1. an articular cavity is present
2. jt is enclosed w/in a synovial capsule
3. capsule is lined w/ synovial membrane
4. articular surfaces are sovered w/ hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

Diarthrotic jt Classifications

A
  1. Irregular
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Condyloid
  5. saddle
  6. Ball and Socket
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8
Q

Irregular jt

A

EX: CARPALS/TARSALS

  • irregularly shaped/usually flat
  • planar mov’t only
  • non-axial (0 rotational degrees)
  • mov’t is of gliding nature
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9
Q

Hinge jt

A

EX: ELBOW/KNEE

  • concave surfaces rotates around a convex protuberance
  • mov’t in 1 plane about 1 axis
  • uniaxial (1 rotational degree)
  • mov’t is flexion/ext
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10
Q

Pivot jt

A

EX: C1-C2/ RADIAL-ULNAR JT

  • characterized by a peg like pivot OR as a long bone rolls about another one on the long axis of the bone
  • mov’t is on 1 plane about 1 axis
  • uniaxial (1 roational degree)
  • mov’t includes rotation
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11
Q

Condyloid jt

A

EX: WRIST/ANKLE

  • jt surfaces: concave/convex
  • mov’t is on 2 planes about 2 axes
  • biaxial (2 rotational degrees)
  • mov’t includes: flex/ext, add/abd
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12
Q

Saddle jt

A

EX: CARPOMETACARPAL JT OF 1ST DIGIT

  • mov’t can occur in 2 planes/axes
  • biaxial (2 rotational degrees)
  • mov’t is: flex/ext, add/abd, circumduction
  • condyloid jt w/ greater ROM*
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13
Q

Ball and Socket jt

A

EX: HIP/SHOULDER

  • a spherical protuberance is fitted in a concave cavity
  • mov’t is in 3 planes/axes
  • Triaxial (3 rotational degrees)
  • mov’t includes: flex/ext, add/abd, rotation
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14
Q

When moving is the saggital plane, what axis does motion occur on?

A

Frontal/transverse, bilateral, medio-lateral

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15
Q

When motion occurs on the bilateral axis, what plane is the motion occurring in?

A

Saggital, median, antero-posterior

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16
Q

When motion occurs in the frontal plane, what axis does the motion occur in?

A

Antero-posterior, saggital/transverse

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17
Q

When motion occurs on the antero-posterior axis, what plane does the motion occur in?

A

Frontal, coronal

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18
Q

When motions occurs in the transverse plane, what axis does the motion occur on?

A

Saggital frontal, vertical, polar

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19
Q

When motion occurs on the vertical axis, what plane does the motion occur in?

A

Transverse, horizonal plane

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20
Q

Name the categories muscles are named by (6)

A
  1. Fcn
  2. # of heads
  3. size
  4. location
  5. attachment
  6. shape
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21
Q

A muscle that is named “_______ major” is what size?

A

large

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22
Q

A muscle named “________ minor” is what size?

A

small

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23
Q

A muscle named “Bi______” has how many heads?

A

2

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24
Q

A muscle named “Tri______” has how many heads?

A

3

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25
Q

A muscle named “Quad_____” has how many heads?

A

4

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26
Q

Agonist

A

primary mover, primarily associated w/ a given mov’t

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27
Q

Synergist

A

muscle that assists agonist

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28
Q

Antagonist

A

muscle whose action is opposite of the agonist

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29
Q

Stabilizer

A

muscle whose action is recruited to eliminate undesired body actions

30
Q

Neutralizer

A

muscle whose action is recruited to eliminate undesired muscle actions

31
Q

Simultaneous mov’t

A

EX: LAY UP

-focuses on accuracy

32
Q

Combination mov’t

A

EX: 3 PT. SHOT

-need both speed and accuracy

33
Q

Sequential mov’t

A

EX: FULL COURT SHOT/THROW

- speed of mov’t is goal

34
Q

Types of Machines in the body

A
  1. lever
  2. pulley
  3. wheel & axle
35
Q

Fcns of Levers

A
  1. To balances 2+ forces
  2. To change the effective direction of the applied force
  3. To provide and advtg in force- motive foce
  4. To provide and advantage in the ROM and the speed of mov’t
36
Q

motive force

A

force that causes motion

37
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

an advtg in motive/muscle force where the motive force applied is less than the resistive force

MA= (resistive force/motive force)

38
Q

If F > R then MA is…

A

MA < 1

mechanical disadvantage

39
Q

If F = R then MA is…

A

MA = 1

no mechanical advantage

40
Q

If F < R then MA is…

A

MA > 1

true mechanical advantage

41
Q

Lever system

A 
80 % of all single jt systems in the body
-act in a rotational motion
Consists of 4 pts:
1. Axis
2. Lever arms
3. Pt. of MF
4. Pt of RF
42
Q

Axis (lever)

A

the pt. about which the lever system rotates

43
Q

Lever arms (2)

A

the physical connections b/t the axis and the pts. of force application

44
Q

What action will occur if the lines of force application pass through the axis?

A

No action will occurs since no rotational mov’t will occur

45
Q

Moment Arm Length

A

the perpendicular distance b/t the line of action of that force and the axis

46
Q

If MA =1, the (F/R) is ….. and (FMA/RMA) …. and the Expended Energy is……

A

F=R

FMA=RMA

EE is N/A

47
Q

If MA < 1, the (F/R) is ….. and (FMA/RMA) …. and the Expended Energy is……

A

F > R

FMA < RMA

EE is increased

48
Q

If MA > 1, the (F/R) is ….. and (FMA/RMA) …. and the Expended Energy is……

A

F < R

FMA > RMA

EE is decreased

49
Q

First class lever

A
  • has it’s axis @ same location b/t force pt and the resistance pt.

F-A-R

performs all 4 machine fcns

50
Q

Second class levers

A
  • has a resist pt, @ same location b/t the force pt and the axis

F-R-A
The force arm is always greater than the resistive arm
-only favors force production

51
Q

Third Class lever

A

A-F-R

favors greater speed and ROM
Mechanical disadvantage

52
Q

Muscle work formula

A

W = MF x ROM

53
Q

Static work

A

isometric = physiological work

54
Q

If (MT/LT) =1 where
MT = muscle torque
LT = Load torque

the type of contraction is….

A

Isometric

55
Q

If (MT/LT) > 1 where
MT = muscle torque
LT = Load torque

the type of contraction is….

A

concentric

56
Q

If (MT/LT) < 1 where
MT = muscle torque
LT = Load torque

the type of contraction is….

A

eccentric

57
Q

Purpose of the muscle system

A

enable the bones to move the jts and to protect the body by distributing loads/ absorbing shock

58
Q

Properties of the muscle system

A
  1. Extensibility
  2. Elasticity
  3. Contractility * unique propery of muscle
59
Q

Actin-myosin cross bridge formation

A

unit of force that contributes to MF production

60
Q

Cross Sectional Area

A

6:1 Action: myosin

w/ training # of myosin/actin increase, therefore increase of cross sectional area (Aka hypertrophy)

61
Q 
# of myosin isoforms
# of actin isoforms
# of total myosin action isoforms
A

86 myosin
6 actin
516 total

62
Q

Where are muscles with the exact same isoforms found?

A

They are always in the same motor unit

63
Q

Size principle

A

body starts w/ slow twitch to fast recruitment until body can mass the load

64
Q

Selective recruitment

A

body overcomes size principle and is able to recruit fast twitch muscles fist; able to train for explosive power (ACES machine)

  • can develop fast twitch characteristics but cannot change make up of the fiber type
65
Q

What is the Series elastic component of the muscluotendonus unit?

A

SEC = tendons

66
Q

What is the Parallel elastic component of the muscluotendonus unit?

A

PEC = endomysieum

67
Q

Why are eccentric mov’t more effecient than concentric mov’ts with constant load?

A

B/c the PEC and SEC are able to contribute to bearing the load.

Can manage more load in eccentric load b/c of elastic components in negative lifts.

68
Q

Why is force max at Resting length?

A

Force is max at RL b/c there is an optimal overlap of actin and myosin; optimal actin myosin cross bridge formation

69
Q

Why does force decrease at lengths greater than Resting length?

A

As muscle lebngth > RL loss of actin myosin overlap, therefore a loss of potential cross brides

70
Q

Why does force go to 0 at extreme lengths?

A

0 @ extreme lengths b/c there is no overlap occurring, therefore no crossbridges can be formed

71
Q

Why does force decrease at lengths < resting length?

A

as muscle shortens, actin overlaps, loss of potential actin myosin binding sites (loss of potential cross bridges)

72
Q

Why does force go to 0 at extreme short lengths?

A

0 at extreme short b/c myosin acts as physical barrier to z discs

Kinesiology (6 decks)

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