Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Purpose of the skeletal system
A
- To protect internal organs
- To provide rigid kinematic links
- To provide muscle attachment sites
- To facilitate muscle action and body mov’t (support weight)
- To contain marrow which manufactures red blood cells
2
Q
A kinematic chain is:
A
- A series of successive (adjoined and articulating) segments
- A series of single jt segments
3
Q
What are the 3 jt, types
A
- Syathrotic
- Amphiarthrotic (cartilagiorous)
- Diarthrotic
4
Q
Syathrotic jt
A
no mov’t; edges of the bone are united by a thin layer of fibirous tissue
-EX: SKULL
5
Q
Amphiarthrotic jt
A
slightly moveable, permite mov’t in bending and twisting motion
EX: vertebrae, tibiofibular jt
6
Q
Diarthrotic jt Definition
A
free moveable
Characteristics:
1. an articular cavity is present
2. jt is enclosed w/in a synovial capsule
3. capsule is lined w/ synovial membrane
4. articular surfaces are sovered w/ hyaline cartilage
7
Q
Diarthrotic jt Classifications
A
- Irregular
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- saddle
- Ball and Socket
8
Q
Irregular jt
A
EX: CARPALS/TARSALS
- irregularly shaped/usually flat
- planar mov’t only
- non-axial (0 rotational degrees)
- mov’t is of gliding nature
9
Q
Hinge jt
A
EX: ELBOW/KNEE
- concave surfaces rotates around a convex protuberance
- mov’t in 1 plane about 1 axis
- uniaxial (1 rotational degree)
- mov’t is flexion/ext
10
Q
Pivot jt
A
EX: C1-C2/ RADIAL-ULNAR JT
- characterized by a peg like pivot OR as a long bone rolls about another one on the long axis of the bone
- mov’t is on 1 plane about 1 axis
- uniaxial (1 roational degree)
- mov’t includes rotation
11
Q
Condyloid jt
A
EX: WRIST/ANKLE
- jt surfaces: concave/convex
- mov’t is on 2 planes about 2 axes
- biaxial (2 rotational degrees)
- mov’t includes: flex/ext, add/abd
12
Q
Saddle jt
A
EX: CARPOMETACARPAL JT OF 1ST DIGIT
- mov’t can occur in 2 planes/axes
- biaxial (2 rotational degrees)
- mov’t is: flex/ext, add/abd, circumduction
- condyloid jt w/ greater ROM*
13
Q
Ball and Socket jt
A
EX: HIP/SHOULDER
- a spherical protuberance is fitted in a concave cavity
- mov’t is in 3 planes/axes
- Triaxial (3 rotational degrees)
- mov’t includes: flex/ext, add/abd, rotation
14
Q
When moving is the saggital plane, what axis does motion occur on?
A
Frontal/transverse, bilateral, medio-lateral
15
Q
When motion occurs on the bilateral axis, what plane is the motion occurring in?
A
Saggital, median, antero-posterior
16
Q
When motion occurs in the frontal plane, what axis does the motion occur in?
A
Antero-posterior, saggital/transverse
17
Q
When motion occurs on the antero-posterior axis, what plane does the motion occur in?
A
Frontal, coronal
18
Q
When motions occurs in the transverse plane, what axis does the motion occur on?
A
Saggital frontal, vertical, polar
19
Q
When motion occurs on the vertical axis, what plane does the motion occur in?
A
Transverse, horizonal plane
20
Q
Name the categories muscles are named by (6)
A
- Fcn
- # of heads
- size
- location
- attachment
- shape
21
Q
A muscle that is named “_______ major” is what size?
A
large
22
Q
A muscle named “________ minor” is what size?
A
small
23
Q
A muscle named “Bi______” has how many heads?
A
2
24
Q
A muscle named “Tri______” has how many heads?
A
3
25
A muscle named "Quad_____" has how many heads?
4
26
Agonist
primary mover, primarily associated w/ a given mov't
27
Synergist
muscle that assists agonist
28
Antagonist
muscle whose action is opposite of the agonist
29
Stabilizer
muscle whose action is recruited to eliminate undesired body actions
30
Neutralizer
muscle whose action is recruited to eliminate undesired muscle actions
31
Simultaneous mov't
EX: LAY UP
| -focuses on accuracy
32
Combination mov't
EX: 3 PT. SHOT
| -need both speed and accuracy
33
Sequential mov't
EX: FULL COURT SHOT/THROW
| - speed of mov't is goal
34
Types of Machines in the body
1. lever
2. pulley
3. wheel & axle
35
Fcns of Levers
1. To balances 2+ forces
2. To change the effective direction of the applied force
3. To provide and advtg in force- motive foce
4. To provide and advantage in the ROM and the speed of mov't
36
motive force
force that causes motion
37
Mechanical advantage
an advtg in motive/muscle force where the motive force applied is less than the resistive force
MA= (resistive force/motive force)
38
If F > R then MA is...
MA < 1
mechanical disadvantage
39
If F = R then MA is...
MA = 1
no mechanical advantage
40
If F < R then MA is...
MA > 1
true mechanical advantage
41
Lever system
```
80 % of all single jt systems in the body
-act in a rotational motion
Consists of 4 pts:
1. Axis
2. Lever arms
3. Pt. of MF
4. Pt of RF
```
42
Axis (lever)
the pt. about which the lever system rotates
43
Lever arms (2)
the physical connections b/t the axis and the pts. of force application
44
What action will occur if the lines of force application pass through the axis?
No action will occurs since no rotational mov't will occur
45
Moment Arm Length
the perpendicular distance b/t the line of action of that force and the axis
46
If MA =1, the (F/R) is ..... and (FMA/RMA) .... and the Expended Energy is......
F=R
FMA=RMA
EE is N/A
47
If MA < 1, the (F/R) is ..... and (FMA/RMA) .... and the Expended Energy is......
F > R
FMA < RMA
EE is increased
48
If MA > 1, the (F/R) is ..... and (FMA/RMA) .... and the Expended Energy is......
F < R
FMA > RMA
EE is decreased
49
First class lever
- has it's axis @ same location b/t force pt and the resistance pt.
F-A-R
performs all 4 machine fcns
50
Second class levers
- has a resist pt, @ same location b/t the force pt and the axis
F-R-A
The force arm is always greater than the resistive arm
-only favors force production
51
Third Class lever
A-F-R
favors greater speed and ROM
Mechanical disadvantage
52
Muscle work formula
W = MF x ROM
53
Static work
isometric = physiological work
54
If (MT/LT) =1 where
MT = muscle torque
LT = Load torque
the type of contraction is....
Isometric
55
If (MT/LT) > 1 where
MT = muscle torque
LT = Load torque
the type of contraction is....
concentric
56
If (MT/LT) < 1 where
MT = muscle torque
LT = Load torque
the type of contraction is....
eccentric
57
Purpose of the muscle system
enable the bones to move the jts and to protect the body by distributing loads/ absorbing shock
58
Properties of the muscle system
1. Extensibility
2. Elasticity
3. Contractility * unique propery of muscle
59
Actin-myosin cross bridge formation
unit of force that contributes to MF production
60
Cross Sectional Area
6:1 Action: myosin
w/ training # of myosin/actin increase, therefore increase of cross sectional area (Aka hypertrophy)
61
```
# of myosin isoforms
# of actin isoforms
# of total myosin action isoforms
```
86 myosin
6 actin
516 total
62
Where are muscles with the exact same isoforms found?
They are always in the same motor unit
63
Size principle
body starts w/ slow twitch to fast recruitment until body can mass the load
64
Selective recruitment
body overcomes size principle and is able to recruit fast twitch muscles fist; able to train for explosive power (ACES machine)
- can develop fast twitch characteristics but cannot change make up of the fiber type
65
What is the Series elastic component of the muscluotendonus unit?
SEC = tendons
66
What is the Parallel elastic component of the muscluotendonus unit?
PEC = endomysieum
67
Why are eccentric mov't more effecient than concentric mov'ts with constant load?
B/c the PEC and SEC are able to contribute to bearing the load.
Can manage more load in eccentric load b/c of elastic components in negative lifts.
68
Why is force max at Resting length?
Force is max at RL b/c there is an optimal overlap of actin and myosin; optimal actin myosin cross bridge formation
69
Why does force decrease at lengths greater than Resting length?
As muscle lebngth > RL loss of actin myosin overlap, therefore a loss of potential cross brides
70
Why does force go to 0 at extreme lengths?
0 @ extreme lengths b/c there is no overlap occurring, therefore no crossbridges can be formed
71
Why does force decrease at lengths < resting length?
as muscle shortens, actin overlaps, loss of potential actin myosin binding sites (loss of potential cross bridges)
72
Why does force go to 0 at extreme short lengths?
0 at extreme short b/c myosin acts as physical barrier to z discs
