final exam Flashcards
Supreme power or authority// authority of a state to govern itself.
Sovereignty
to give a political tone or character to//an attempt to politicize the civil service.
Politicization
community of citizens linked by common interests and collective activity.
Civil Society
are a class of rights that protect individuals freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one’s entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression.
Political rights
A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.
Constitution
Elements of identity along which groups boundaries can be constructed. Ex: Religion, language, skin color, rural vs. urban, professional
Markers
qualities, beliefs, personality, looks and or expressions that make a person or group// identity politics tendency for people of a particular religion, race, social background to form exclusive political alliances, moving away from traditional broad base party politics
Identity
Legislative body having two chambers.
Bicameral
single legislative chamber
Unicameral
a political attitude of devotion to and vigorous support for one’s country combined with a feeling of shared community with fellow citizens, especially as contrasted with a similar attitude based on ethnicity, race, or religio
Civic Nationalism
a political approach that favours free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending: social and political issues surrounding neoliberalism.
Neoliberalism
monetary inflation occurring at a high rate.
Hyperinflation
the outcome of the elections is representative of the people.
Substantive Democracy
all electoral process is at the core of the authority.
Procedural democracy
Those features of the constitution that shape the political system–separation of power and responsibilities. Includes: legislatures, executive, judiciary, bureaucracy
Constitutional design
A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.
Inflation
A key function of states is the coordination of military action to protect the citizenry against potential foreign threat.
Defense
States establish organizations to police their societies internally. Is one of the key mechanisms in which the monopoly on force is maintained.
Policing
most states gather considerable information about their territory and about their population. They invest in maps and territorial demarcation, surveys, and census which allows delivering better services.
Order/Legibility
The action of making something accessible to everyone.
Democratization
Type of governmental system distinct from successive government administrations and from state itself.
Regime
the central political institution that exerts a “monopoly” on the legitimate use of physical force within a territory
State
Head of Government is indirectly elected & accountable to the legislature. Power is fused with the legislative branch – Head of Government serves only with the continued confidence of the legislature.
Parliamentary
Directed elected, serves as chief executive, independent of the legislature, combines head of state and government.
Presidential
Some elements are more easily changed than other
Stickiness
Executive’s ability to leverage control over its own party.
Partisan power
Influence gained through custom, convention. Campaign on behalf of particular candidates.
Informal power
a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which define a nation, such as language or common descent: Nepal emerged as a nation state in the eighteenth century.
Nation state
Organizations are this when they have a rational universally applicable system, administered on the basis of rules and by office holders.
Bureaucracy
reduction of the general level of prices in an economy.
Deflation
Setting a budget based on state revenue
Fiscal Policy
State policies aimed at impacting the value of the state currency often through central bank
Monetary Policy
Composite measure to provide a view of development that takes into account not just purely measures of income but well-being such as life expectancy, literacy, access to political and civil freedoms.
Human development index
Country is divided up into electoral districts – each with one or more legislative seats. Voters select representatives for their specific geographic constituency.
District based systems
one representative/district. Candidate with the most votes becomes the representative.
Single-member districts (SMD
more than one representative/district . Allows greater number or parties to be represented
Multi-member districts (MMD)
the candidate with the most votes (not necessarily a majority) wins
First-past-the-post systems
Relatively free and fair elections, but governments are not held accountable. Political and civil rights are inconsistently guaranteed.
Illiberal democracy
Elections held, but they are not sufficiently open to be meaningful
Electoral authoritarianism
Elections are held, but government id delegated such a high degree of control that political participation is all but strangled.
Delegative democracy
Allows competition in elections but not enough democratic.
competitive authoritarianism
The state depends on revenues generated by economic activity that takes place outside the state.
Taxation
a commodity or service that is provided without profit to all members of a society, either by the government or a private individual or organization.
Public good
Holding together vs. Coming together. Decentralization has the potential to promote specialization & economic competition/ Increased complexity & debate in policy formation & implementation
Federalism
o Potential to guarantee same rights/engagement regardless of geographic region. Potential for improved economic & development coordination. Simplification in implementation of policy.
Unitarism
Smooth and gradual, fits and starts, stalling out all at once. Varies degrees of control by outgoing authoritarian, internal actors and external actors.
Transition
Institutionalization of democratic norms and processes
Consolidation
when two or more parties share executive powers & responsibilities in order to govern
coalition
The act of selecting markers on which to build group boundaries.
Politicization of identity
Key component of democratic regimes
Contestation
Reflect a new focus in contemporary society—less on production of material goods and more on the production of knowledge.
New social movements
measure of the total value of goods & services produced in a territory
GDP
measure of the total income of citizen’s of a country (both living at home & abroad)
GNI
measure of adjusting incomes to account for cost of living
PPP
States that are less likely to be identified with the personalities of their leaders.
Impersonality
norms, values, beliefs of citizens impact regime type.
Political culture
Parties emerging from shared interests of a small # of political elites
Elite Party
Parties emerging from mass mobilization of citizens. Common response to elite parties, exist across the spectrum – from socialist to fascist parties
Mass Party
o Parties with flexible ideological positions that seek to attract the broadest possible constituent base.
Catch All
Natural, born into, unchanging
Primordial Identity
Developed, learnt, created, changeable
Instrumental Identity
system that imposes regularized rules in a polity, with key criteria including equal rights, the regular enforcements of laws and the relative independence of the judiciary
rule of law
the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
Civil rights
- Election of a leader with authoritarian tendency.
- Actors within society move against a democratic regime.
- Revolution
Democratic Breakdown
It often sees gradual changes internally over time.
Substitution of a different regime type without democratization.
Persistence
Different sets of attributions that define a person.
Identity
The impacts of social movements can have
Short v. Long term Goals
Law is present but rule of law is not. No single authority could claim to control de legitimate use of force.
Modern State
political economy approach that calls for the active involvement of the state in the economy and development of a territory
State interventionism
Set of cultural beliefs and organizations focused on the transcendent.
Religion
Absence of democracy. o It is favorable to hierarchy and closed concentrated processes of decision making
authoritarianism
parties other than the dominant one are banned or disallowed
Single party system
o Multiple parties may exist, but politics are dominated by two significant parties
Two party system
Some parties may consistently dominate, but often in coalition. Can produce either fragmented (large # of small parties) or concentrated (small # of larger parties)
Multi-Party System
Generally seek to advocate for particular policy positions or perspectives.
Interest Groups
Dominant branch. Typically commands the bureaucracy, responsible for government spending and nominal control of the military.
Executive branch
typically have the responsibility of oversight of the executive branch. May have the power to remove the executive from office
Legislative Branch
