Final Exam

Question 1

Usufruct Right

Answer 1

The idea that different groups could share access to an ecosystem
George Perkins Marsh

Question 2

Aldo Leopold

Answer 2

Influential preservationist
Officer of USFS
Established 70 primitive areas
1935: cofounded wilderness society
Federal Wilderness Act 1964
Thinking Like a Mountain
The Land Ethic
New ecological understanding-humans are a part of the landscape
Nature is not just a storehouse of meat, crops, etc.
Nature is a community in which humans have a responsibility

Question 3

Negative Externality

Answer 3

A cost that is suffered by a third party as a result of economic transition, such as air pollution due to the burning of coal that causes asthma or cancer, or the destruction of a fishery because of an upstream mining operation

Question 4

Carrying Capacity

Answer 4

We have enlarged our carrying capacity to accommodate more humans (post industrial and agricultural revolutions)

Question 5

Classic Environmentalism

Answer 5

1. Scientists diagnose threat to environment
2. Concerned public galvanizes support for change
3. Scientists and businesses look for new solutions; government adopts and implements laws/regulations/new agencies.. implicit theory of social change; linking ability of science to identify environmental problems to capacity of citizens to press for policy responses

Question 6

Precautionary Principle

Answer 6

When an action may harm humans or the environment, those who advocate for that action should bear the burden of proof to demonstrate that the risks are worth it given the benefits (Gulf Oil Spill 2010)

Question 7

Rachel Carson

Answer 7

Wrote Silent Spring and started an uproar with it; many people thought she was insane because of her gender (female biologist vs males) received threats and caused modern movement for environmental change, warned against use of pesticides

Question 8

Dead Zones

Answer 8

Effects of Industrial Agriculture; pesticide pollution, freshwater depletion, energy consumption, salinization, erosion
The root problem: population x consumption
Why have humans depleted biodiversity when it is crucial to our survival?
Domination, lack of awareness of impacts,
3 species = 60% of global nutrition; 200 of 200,000 edible plant species utilized
Endemism, shifting baseline syndrome, 6th great extinction, chemicals and climate change

Question 9

Anthropocentric

Answer 9

Chiefly of environmental pollution and pollutants
Originating in human activity
Regarding humankind as the central or most important element of existence, especially as opposed to God or animals

Question 10

Ecosystem Services

Answer 10

The many and varied benefits that humans freely gain from the natural environment and properly functioning ecosystems

Question 11

Perceived Obsolescence

Answer 11

A consumer believes they need a new or updated version of a product, despite theirs functioning just fine
Social pressure

Question 12

Planned Obsolescence

Answer 12

Producers purposely shorten the life/use of a product to force consumers to buy a new version; increase consumption

Question 13

Climate Change and Public Health

Answer 13

Changes in the climate have resulted in declining public health; infectious diseases, cardiovascular issues, respiratory issues

Question 14

Women’s Indigenous Knowledge

Answer 14

Women have crucial knowledge/roles in society and biodiversity but are overlooked as the lesser sex
Women have crucial knowledge of food, health care, etc.

Question 15

Wildlife Conservation

Answer 15

Protecting wild species and their habitats from going extinct

Question 16

Patriarchy

Answer 16

Government structure where men typically hold authority over women

Question 17

Chasing Ice

Answer 17

James Balog
Extreme Ice Survey
Survey rapidly melting glaciers in Montana, Alaska, Greenland, and Iceland

Question 18

Pump!

Answer 18

Joshua Tickell and Rebecca Harrell Tickell
America’s addiction to oil
Cheaper replacement fuels and alternatives like Tesla

Question 19

To Kingdom Come

Answer 19

GE PCBs in Rome
“To Kingdom Come” is a phrase for the afterlife; the toxic GE plant (now abandoned) in Rome, GA is considered Kingdom Come in the film because of its high toxicity levels and harmful dumping in surrounding areas

Question 20

GE in Rome

Answer 20

General Electric plant in Rome, GA now abandoned because of its harmful toxins in the environment

Question 21

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 21

Conflicting beliefs/attitudes that may lead to a change in one for more consistency; people may change their behavior towards the environment in a better way

Question 22

Development

Answer 22

An improvement in material conditions

Question 23

Transition

Answer 23

Moving from one position/state of being to another

Question 24

Biocentric

Answer 24

Biocentric ethic believes that all living things have the same value

Question 25

Transaction Cost

Answer 25

The cost in a market transaction; imperfect

Cost of information is a common example

Question 26

Ecological Footprint Analysis

Answer 26

Measures human demand on nature

The quantity of nature it takes to support people/an economy

Question 27

Triune Brain Theory

Answer 27

Neo (frontal) Cortex; Homo Sapiens Brain
Limbic System; Mammalian Brain
Basal Ganglia (brain stem); Reptilian Brain

Question 28

Discounting

Answer 28

An analytical process for estimating the present value of a service of good available in the future

Question 29

NIMBY

Answer 29

“Not In My Backyard”

A label given (usually by project’s proponent’s) to the people who seek to avoid the location of an undesirable facility near their homes or communities

Question 30

Edward Abbey

Answer 30

Desert Solitaire
Ranger in Archer National Parks
Pair of gopher snakes dancing; two incidents with gopher snakes-released one in his trailer to eat the mice

Question 31

David Orr

Answer 31

Well-known environmentalist and active in many areas of environmental studies
Environmental Education and Ecological Design
Modern Education Myths:
1. Ignorance is a solvable problem (CFCs)
2. With enough knowledge and technology we can manage planet Earth; we can manage human society
3. Knowledge is increasing and with it, human goodness is
4. We can adequately restore that which we have dismantled specializations (disciplines and sub disciplines) results in no holistic or integrated perspective-ecologists who lack knowledge of ecology
5. Purpose of education: providing means for upward mobility and success; planet does not need more “successful” people
6. Our culture represents the pinnacle of human achievement

Question 32

Environmental Education

Answer 32

Who lives sustainably? Primarily illiterate or Amish groups that do not fetishize reading. Education is no guarantee of decency, prudence, or wisdom. Worth of education must now be measured against the standard of human survival. It is not education that will save us, but education of a certain kind.

Question 33

Alternative Energy Sources

Answer 33

Solar power
Nuclear power
Wind energy, etc.

Question 34

Havasu

Answer 34

Edward Abbey becomes stuck between two cliffs but escapes with his life last minute
~Earth isn’t going to fix itself

Question 35

Externalities

Answer 35

Cost of producing/consuming something that is not included in accounting, can be good or bad (ex: pollution)

Question 36

Agricultural Biodiversity Conservation

Answer 36

Source of genetic material that is vital to future generations; crucial when it comes to preserving genes that could help improve crops, pest resistance, or adaptation to climate change