Final Exam Flashcards
List and discuss categories of food contaminants
Food contaminants that can cause foodborne illness: -Microbiological pathogens -Biological toxins Food contaminants that can cause chemical contamination: -Naturally occurring chemicals -Intentional and unintentional additives -Modified food components -Agricultural chemicals -Environmental contaminants -Animal drug residues
provide examples of points in the food system when contamination can occur:
Contamination can occur at any “link” in the food system:
- Manure from fields
- Animal guts in slaughtering facilities
- Raw animal products can harbor pathogens
- Food handling by infected people
- Use of contaminated cutting boards or kitchen utensils
food security
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
dimensions of food security
Food availability: the availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate quality
Food access: access by individuals to adequate resources (EX: $) for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet
Utilization: utilization of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all physiological needs are met
Stability: to be food secure, a population, household, or individual must have access to adequate food at all times
major forms of malnutrition
undernutrition
micronutrients malnutrition
Overweight, obesity, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases
people can suffer from a mix of these forms
undernutrition
not enough food to eat, not meeting caloric needs
- Wasting (thinness; low weight-for-height), acute inadequate nutrition leading to rapid weight loss or failure to gain weight normally
- -Cause/most commonly seen: natural disaster, illness, war/conflict
- Stunting (shortness; low height-for-weight), inadequate nutrition over a long period of time leading to failure of linear growth
- -Chronic undernutrition in the first 1,000 days
- Cause: undernourished mother, poverty, disease
- Underweight (low weight-for-age), a combination measure; therefore, it could occur as a result of wasting, stunting, or both
- -Cause: war/conflict
micronutrient malnutrition
may or may not be eating enough to meet caloric needs, vitamin/mineral needs are not met
- Inadequate intake of vitamins and minerals such as iron, iodine, vitamin A, folate, and zinc
- Affects nearly one-third of the world’s population
- Often referred to as “hidden hunger”
- Micronutrient deficiencies can lead to suboptimal physical and mental development in children, vulnerability, or exacerbation of disease, blindness and general losses in productivity and potential
Overweight, obesity, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases
heart disease, diabetes, cancer, asthma, etc…some of these may be diet related and what you eat can have a large impact on disease trajectory
- Overweight and obesity are usually measured by body mass index (BMI))
- BMI is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m2)
- -Primary limitations: does not measure overall fat or lean tissue content
- -Excess weight can impair health; poor diet is a top risk factor for many NCDs, including cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks and stroke, and often linked with blood pressure), certain cancers, and diabetes
nutrition transition
Dynamic shifts in dietary intake and physical activity patterns and corresponding trends in prevalence of obesity and other nutrition-related NCDs
Identify factors that contribute to nutrition transition
Western diet=diets high in saturated and trans fats, sugars, salts, low in veggies, fruit. More time in sedentary lifestyle and less time participating in active activities
Globalization-Demographic transition: the shift from a pattern of high fertility and mortality to one of low fertility and mortality (typical of modern industrialized countries)
Globalization-Epidemiologic transition: the shift from a pattern of high prevalence of infectious disease-associated with malnutrition, periodic famine, and poor environmental sanitation-to one of high prevalence of chronic and degenerative disease-associated with urban-industrial lifestyles
Compare how factors acting at different layers of the socioecological model can impact the healthfulness of food choices
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Summarize environmental consequences of contemporary food systems and how food systems are impacted by environmental degradation
Food Systems↔Environment
There is sufficient evidence that climate change will impact food yields, food quality and safety, and food reliability
Impacts are expected to be:
-Widespread
-Complex
-Geographically and temporally variable
-Influenced by social and economic conditions
Most important concern is that food systems will have reduced capacity to assure food security to poor populations vulnerable to hunger and malnutrition
-Impacts on food availability and safety
-Impacts of food affordability
-Impacts on incomes and livelihoods
Impacts are hard to predict; models are often based on climatic conditions experienced historically
Compare how factors acting at different layers of the socioecological model can impact the environmental burden of food choices
There are individual, interpersonal/social, community, and policy factors in the socioecological model
Discuss how the structure, function, and power relationships in food systems shape local economies and impact the choices that farmers, consumers, and other food system participants hav
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Describe the origins of the food sovereignty movement
Formed out of the La Via Campesina
La Via Campesina was officially formed in 1993
Time of major transitions away from more controlled national (agricultural) economies towards a market-driven global economy (EX: WTO created in 1995)
La Via Campesina introduced the concept of food sovereignty in the mid-1990s
Food sovereignty focuses on “ecologically appropriate production, distribution, and consumption, social-economic justice and local food systems as ways to tackle hunger and poverty”
According to the La Via Campesina, what are the limitations of food security
