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PSYCH101 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is abnormal behaviour?

A
  • Atypical- statistically rare.
  • Socially unacceptable.
  • Behaviour often causes distress to that person or to those around the person.
  • Usually maladaptive in that the behaviour is harmful and non-productive.
  • Often the product of distorted cognitions.
  • Biological dysfunction.
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2
Q

What percentage of Schizophrenia affects the population?

A

1% across the world.

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3
Q

What is insight?

A

You may not know that something is wrong vs. someone who noticed they are doing abnormal behaviours like washing hands constantly. (Reaching out.)

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4
Q

What is distortion?

A

Something wrong in the thinking process. (ex. for OCD, I have to go on my phone multiple times or someone will be hurt.)

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5
Q

What is the demonic perspective on abnormality?

A
  • Evil spirits inhabit the body.
  • Exorcisms and witch hunts were common during this time.
  • Not the common explanations but some religions use this approach.
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6
Q

What is medical-biological perspective on abnormality?

A
  • Abnormal behaviour can be diagnosed, treated, and cured.
  • The cure my not necessarily take place.
  • Biology may not give us the exact answer we would like.
  • Not consistent.
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7
Q

What is psychodynamic perspective on abnormality?

A
  • Psychological disorders result from anxiety produced by unresolved conflicts outside a person’s awareness.
  • We cannot measure/evaluate the unconscious.
  • Does not explain psychological disorders but could possibly explain anxiety or mood disorders.
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8
Q

What is humanistic perspective on abnormality?

A
  • Focuses on individual uniqueness and decision making.
  • Maladjustment occurs when a person’s needs are not met.
  • Ex. when your safety is at risk you could become anxious.
  • Ex. you don’t know when food is coming if you don’t have money so when you have access you hoard it.
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9
Q

What is behavioural perspective on abnormality?

A
  • Focus on observable behaviour.
  • Abnormal behaviour is learned through selective reinforcement and punishment.
  • Ex. interventions.

This model could help explain things like anxiety disorders or child behaviour.

-Ex. if you stay away from that person you feel good, if you stay inside and makes you feel safe then you feel good. – anxiety cause you to want to stay home.

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10
Q

What is cognitive perspective on abnormality?

A
  • Focus on thoughts.

- Human beings engage in both prosocial and maladjusted behaviours because of their thoughts.

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11
Q

What is sociocultural perspective on abnormality?

A
  • Focus on family, community and society.
  • Maladjustment occurs within and because of the context of family, community and society.
  • Things could cause disorders that don’t relate to family or other relationships.
  • Could model things to your child ex. you don’t ride a bike because your scared you’ll fall off and now your child is scared to ride a bike too.
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12
Q

What is evolutionary perspective on abnormality?

A
  • Humans evolved in a specific environment.
  • Maladjustments may be expressions of behaviour that would once have been normal in evolutionary history.
  • Ex. historically, there was fear of spiders but now people will literally make videos of spiders biting them.
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13
Q

What is the best perspective to use?

A
  • Certain situations relate more too certain approaches.

- Collective approach would be best.

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14
Q

True or false:

Most people do not recover from mental illness?

A

False.

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15
Q

True or false:

Few people with mental illness are violent?

A

True.

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16
Q

True or false:

Most people with mental illness bear their pain privately?

A

True.

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17
Q

What is diagnosis?

A
  • Diagnosis is a language.

- (Look at the evidence to see the best way that they can function and to feel more like themselves.)

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18
Q

What does DSM stand for?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

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19
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

What disorders show up together?

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20
Q

Who was the DSM published by?

A

The American Psychiatric Association.

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21
Q

What is DSM-5?

A
  • Contains diagnostic criteria and decision rules for each condition according to observable behaviour.
  • Warns to “think organic” (rule out physical causes of symptoms first).
  • 18 major categories of disorders.
  • Cites the prevalence of each disorder or the percentage of the population displaying the disorder.
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22
Q

Criticisms of DSM-5?

A
  • Can be used wrong.
  • Comorbidity- wee see people having multiple disorders so is the criteria specific enough?
  • Criteria can be included from experiences but where is the science part of things?
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23
Q

What must the Canadian and American Psychological Associations both state practitioners do?

A
  • Recognize cultural diversity. (Don’t assume, ask.)
  • Understand the role of culture and ethnicity in development.
  • Help clients understand their own sociological identification.
  • Understand how culture, race, gender, and sexual orientation interact to affect behaviour.
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24
Q

What is anxiety?

A

A generalized feeling of fear and apprehension that may be related to a particular situation or object often accompanied by increased physiological arousal.

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25
Q

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A
  • A person with generalized anxiety disorder feels almost continuous anxiety for six months, increased activity of the autonomic nervous system, difficulty concentrating, and fatigue.
  • Difficult to treat.
  • The persons focus is not just one thing, many foci.
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26
Q

What is Panic Disorder?

A
  • Repeated, unexpected panic attacks.
  • Persistent concerns about future attacks. (Fear that it will happen again so you watch your actions closely.)
  • A change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them.
  • Could happen anywhere (ex. at a grocery store so people start ordering their groceries online.)
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27
Q

What is panic attacks?

A

Attacks of acute anxiety accompanied by increased autonomic nervous system arousal unrelated to a specific event.

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28
Q

What is Agoraphobia?

A
  • Involves a marked fear and avoidance of being alone in a place from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing.
  • Symptoms include: hyperventilation, extreme tension, and cognitive disorganization.
  • Ex. won’t leave the house and it makes you feel better.
  • Reinforces avoidance.
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29
Q

What is social phobia (Social anxiety disorder)?

A
  • Is anxiety involving a fear of and a desire to avoid situations where one might be scrutinized by others.
  • Being evaluated makes you anxious. (Positive or negative.)
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30
Q

What is a specific phobia?

A
  • Involves irrational and persistent fear of a particular object or situation.
  • Ex. blood phobia.
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31
Q

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

A
  • Two components:
  • Obsessions: persistent, uncontrollable thoughts and irrational beliefs.
  • Compulsions: compulsive rituals that interfere with daily life.
  • Compulsions completed (or ritual behaviours) = reduce tension.
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32
Q

What is Catastrophic thinking?

A

Predicting terrible events despite low probability.

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33
Q

What is anxiety sensitivity?

A

A fear of anxiety-related symptoms.

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34
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

May be triggered by a specific event or have no identifiable cause.

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35
Q

What is Major Depression Disorder symptoms?

A
  • Depressed mood.
  • Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities.
  • Difficulties in sleeping (insomnia).
  • Shift in activity level, becoming either lethargic (psychomotor retardation) or agitated.
  • Poor appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain.
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36
Q

At what age does Major Depression usually develop?

A

30.

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37
Q

What is the biological cause of Major Depression?

A

Both genetics and neurotransmitters may underlie depression.

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38
Q

What is the cognitive theory of Major Depression?

A

1) Negative Triad: depressed people have negative views of
Themselves
Environment
Future.

2) Negative schemas
3) Cognitive distortions

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39
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Is the behaviour of giving up or not responding exhibited by people and animals exposed to negative consequences over which the feel they have no control.

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40
Q

What is vulnerablility?

A
  • A person’s diminished ability to deal with life events.

- The more vulnerable the person, the less stress or anxiety is needed to initiate depression.

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41
Q

What is Bipolar Disorder?

A

-Was originally known as manic-depressive disorder.

-People with the disorder experience behaviour varying between two extremes:
Mania (high emotion)
Depression.

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42
Q

What is Dissociative Amnesia?

A

A sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information.

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43
Q

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?

A

Previous name:
multiple personality disorder.

Involves the existence within an individual of two more distinct personalities or ego states each dominant at different times.

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44
Q

What is Schizophrenia?

A
  • Lack of reality testing.
  • Disconnect with reality.
  • Deterioration of social and cognitive functioning.
  • Inability to meet the demands of life.
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45
Q

What does positive mean in psychology?

A
  • Positive does not mean good.

- Adds to someone’s presentation. (Positive = additional behaviours).

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46
Q

What does negative mean in psychology?

A
  • Negative: absent from behaviours.

- Ex. flat affect: “I’m going to Disney land”.

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47
Q

What is a delusion?

A
  • Incorrect beliefs

- Ex. I am god.

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48
Q

What is a hallucination?

A

Compelling perceptual experiences without any actual physical stimulation.

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49
Q

What is the inappropriate affect?

A

Emotional response not appropriate in the circumstances.

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50
Q

What is the first sign of Schizophrenia?

A
  • Non-specific symptoms of anxiety, mood difficulties, isolation.
  • Difficulty maintaining logical thought and coherent conversation.
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51
Q

What is The Vulnerability-Stress View of Schizophrenia?

A

Genetic Abnormality –> Biochemical –> Physiological and psychological predisposition –> Behaviour.

-Environmental factors –> Physiological and psychological predisposition –> Behaviour.

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52
Q

What Are Personality Disorders?

A

People with long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive behaviours that typically cause stress and social or occupational difficulties.

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53
Q

What is Paranoid personality disorder?

A

-Pervasive pattern of:
Odd or eccentric behaviour.
Distrust and suspiciousness of others.

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54
Q

What is Borderline personality disorder?

A

-Pervasive pattern of marked:
instability in mood, identity, and impulse control, often highly self-destructive.

  • Trouble with relationships**
  • Ex. I am academic  I am an artistic  I am an athlete.
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55
Q

What is Histrionic personality disorder?

A
  • Pattern of emotionality.

- Attention seeking by exaggerating situations in their lives.

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56
Q

What is Narcissistic personality disorder?

A
  • Grandiosity.
  • Need for admiration.
  • Lack of empathy, individuals have an exaggerated sense of self-importance.
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57
Q

What is Antisocial personality disorder?

A

-Disregard for and violation of t
he rights of others.

  • Impulsivity.
  • Self-centred.
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58
Q

What is Avoidant personality disorder?

A
  • Social inhibition.
  • Feelings of inadequacy.
  • Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
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59
Q

What is Dependent personality disorder?

A
  • Need to be taken care of.
  • Submissiveness and clinging behaviours.
  • Fears of separation.
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60
Q

How Are Violence and Mental Disorders Related?

A
  • Most are not violent.
  • Likewise, most people who commit violence do not have a mental disorder.
  • However, some mental disorders are associated with a greater likelihood of committing violent acts.
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61
Q

What are more serious disorders that carry a greater risk for violence?

A
  • Delusions.
  • Manic phase of bipolar disorder.
  • If not taking meds, may be potentially dangerous.
  • If untreated something dangerous can happen.
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62
Q

True or False:

People with mental disorders are more likely to be a danger to themselves?

A

True.

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63
Q

Warning signs for suicide include?

A
  • Depression.
  • Verbal statements such as “You’d be better off without me”.
  • Expressions of hopelessness and helplessness.
  • Daring and risk-taking behaviour that is atypical.
  • Personality changes such as withdrawal, aggression, or moodiness.
  • Giving away prized possessions.
  • Lack of interest in the future.
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64
Q

Steps to take to prevent suicide?

A
  • Remember to listen.
  • Tell person your concerns, show you care
  • Do not act shocked or judge the person.
  • Direct questions.
  • Do not leave the person alone.
  • Do not agree to secrecy.
  • Get professional help even if the person resists.
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65
Q

What Is Psychotherapy?

A
  • Is treatment of psychological problems through psychological techniques.
  • MAKE SURE YOU’RE GIVING THE BEST THERAPY.
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66
Q

What is the placebo effect of psychotherapy?

A
  • Because you expect that you will get better, you may see improvement .
  • Not significantly but maybe to feel a bit better.
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67
Q

Effectiveness of Psychotherapy?

A
  • Not every therapy is appropriate for every condition.
  • Need to be more specific.
  • Disorders are very different from each other.
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68
Q

What is the eclectic approach?

A
  • Integrating diverse theories and techniques.
  • Provide therapy based on science – research backing it.
  • This is ethical.
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69
Q

Are There Common Factors Among Clients?

A
  • Usually expect a positive outcome.
  • Receive attention, which helps maintain a positive attitude.
  • Must be willing to make change.
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70
Q

Negative factors off a client?

A
  • Children, court-mandated, at risk people, adolescence may be forced/ feel forced to go to therapy.
  • They may not think it is positive or beneficial.
  • May not be willing to make change.
  • Not everyone will respect or like you.
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71
Q

What do good therapists do?

A 
-Good therapists communicate:
Interest (also conveyed by eye-contact)
understanding
respect
tact
maturity
ability to help

-Respect their clients’ ability to cope with troubles
make suggestions, offer encouragement, provide alternative interpretations and salient example.

  • Must not engage in other relationships (e.g., sexual, business) with clients.
  • May not understand what they are saying but you can diagnose it.
  • Rapport - key.
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72
Q

What is brief therapy?

A
  • An operational diagnosis is made that answers the question “Why is the client here today?”
  • Could be 1-2 sessions even. (Could be longer).
  • Probably not as extreme or severe.
73
Q

How does psychodynamic therapy work?

A
  • Assumptions:
  • Becoming aware of one’s motivation helps one change.
  • The causes of maladjustment are unresolved unconscious conflicts
  • Gain insight through your therapy, guarder insight to unconscious and behaviour.
74
Q

What is Psychoanalysis?

A

Lengthy insight therapy developed by Freud that

aims at uncovering unconscious conflicts and uses techniques such as free association and dream analysis.

75
Q

What are Neo-Freudian based therapies?

A
  • Use techniques derived from Freud.
  • Reject or modify parts of Freud’s theory.
  • More concerned with conscious aspects of client’s functioning.
  • More optimistic, emphasize needs for power, love, status (not just sex and aggression).
76
Q

Goal of Psychoanalysis?

A
  • Maladjustment of unresolved conflicts.

- Is to help patients understand the unconscious motivations that direct their behaviours.

77
Q

Techniques of Psychoanalysis?

A
  • free association
  • dream analysis
  • interpretation
  • resistance
  • transference
  • working through
78
Q

What is free association?

A
  • A patient is asked to report whatever comes to mind, no matter how disorganized or trivial. (Unconscious content may come out if you say whatever you are thinking.)
  • You sit on a couch and lay back and talk about everything and the therapist just listens. (May not talk at all.)
79
Q

What is dream analysis?

A

-People are asked to describe their dreams in detail.

80
Q

What is interpretation?

A
  • Involves provide a context, meaning, or cause or an idea, feeling, or set of behaviours.
  • (Over time they may ask to interpret and you try to explain why you had that dream.)
81
Q

What is resistance?

A

-Unwillingness to cooperate, provide information, or help in interpretation.

82
Q

What is transference?

A
  • The therapist become the object or patient’s emotional attitudes about an important person in the patient’s life. (ex. Freud’s patient fell in love with him).
  • (ex. Sopranos- Tony transfers feelings of mother to his therapist and tells her he loves her.)
  • Transferring feelings.
83
Q

What is working through?

A

-The cycle of interpretation, resistance, and transference occurs repeatedly during psychoanalysis.

84
Q

Criticisms of Psychoanalysis?

A
  • Psychoanalysis is unscientific, imprecise, and subjective.
  • Elements of Freud’s theory are untestable and sexist.
  • The problems addressed are difficult and the patient must be motivated.
  • Very expensive in both time and cost.
  • Brief psychodynamic therapy is better than no treatment but less effective than cognitive-behavioural treatment.
  • Not effective for psychotic disorders
85
Q

What Do Humanistic Therapies Emphasize?

A
  • Development of human potential.
  • Belief that human nature is basically positive.
  • Stress the importance of assuming responsibility and living in the present.
86
Q

What is Client-Centred Therapy?

A
  • Also known as person-centred therapy.

- Is an insight therapy that helps people evaluate the world and themselves from their own perspective.

87
Q

Techniques of Client-Centred Therapy?

A

-Therapist guides clients to help them find what they feel is right for themselves

-The therapist must show:
unconditional positive regard
congruence
empathic listening.

-Tries to increase awareness and heightened self-acceptance.

-Hope to:
Think more realistically
Become more tolerant of others
Engage in more adaptive behaviours.

88
Q

Goal of Client-Centred Therapy?

A

Goal: help people discover their ideal selves.

89
Q

Positives of of Client-Centred Therapy techniques?

A
  • Focus on the therapeutic relationship.

- Conditions for effective therapists are related to treatment outcomes.

90
Q

Negatives of of Client-Centred Therapy techniques?

A
  • Core concepts are difficult to falsify.
  • Not enough to bring about change.
  • More effective than no treatment, but mixed results compared to other therapies.
91
Q

What Are the Methods of Behaviour Therapy?

A

-Focus:
changing overt behaviour.

-Goal:
using learning principles to help people replace maladaptive behaviours with more effective ones.

  • Sometimes people have problems that do not warrant an investigation into childhood experiences and the unconscious.
  • Very effective for treatment for problem behaviour.
92
Q

Operant Conditioning in Behaviour Therapy?

A
  • Operant conditioning to establish a new behaviour.

- Often depends on a reinforcer, an event or circumstance that increases the probability a response will occur.

93
Q

What is token economies?

A

-Reward adaptive behaviour.

-People who display
appropriate behaviours receive tokens.

-Use tokens to buy or trade in for items.

94
Q

What is extinction?

A
  • A behaviour therapist might suggest parents stop reinforcing the crying behaviour of a child by insisting that their daughter go to bed and stay there.
  • Crying will eventually stop when child stays in bed.
95
Q

What is punishment?

A
  • Punishment involves the presentation of an aversive stimulus.
  • Punishment is imitated and can bring about generalized aggression.
96
Q

What is a time out?

A

Is the removal of a person from sources of reinforcement to decrease behaviour.

97
Q

What is counterconditioning?

A
  • A person is taught a new, more adaptive response to a stimulus.
  • Systematic desensitization.
  • Aversive conditioning.
98
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A
  • The client is first taught to relax.
  • Create a hierarchy of fears (i.e., situations or things).
  • While deeply relaxed, the client slowly moves up the hierarchy through exposure.
  • With each successive experience, the client learns relaxation rather than fear as a response.
  • Very effective for many anxiety disorders, like phobias, OCD, and PTSD.
99
Q

What is averse conditioning?

A
  • In which a noxious stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable behaviour.
  • In adults, aversive conditioning is often used to combat addictions such as smoking or alcoholism.
  • Ex. administration of a nausea-producing drug while the client is smoking or drinking so that unpleasant associations are paired with the addictive behaviour.
100
Q

Modelling in Behaviour Therapy?

A

-Modelling can be used effectively for teaching a new behaviour, helping eliminate fears, and enhancing already existing behaviour.

101
Q

What Is Cognitive Behaviour Therapy?

A

-Focus on changing client behaviour by changing the person’s thoughts or perceptions.

102
Q

What is Rational Emotive Therapy?

A
  • Emphasizes the importance of logical, rational, thought processes.
  • Albert Ellis.
  • Assumed abnormal behaviour is caused by faulty and irrational thinking patterns.
  • How we feel about the consequences of an event is determined by our beliefs or opinions.
103
Q

Assumptions of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy?

A
  • Cognitions are identifiable and measurable.
  • Cognitions are key in both healthy and unhealthy psychological functioning.
  • Irrational beliefs or thinking can be replaced by more rational and adaptive cognitions.
104
Q

What is Rational Emotive Therapy?

A

-Irrational beliefs:
product of people’s needs to be liked, to be competent, to be loved, and to feel secure.

-Exaggerated value on needs
=
abnormal behaviour.

105
Q

What is Beck’s Approach?

A
  • Aaron Beck:
  • Depression is caused by people’s distorted thoughts about reality.
  • Lead to negative views of the world, the self, and the future.
  • Goal:
  • Help people develop identify and modify distorted thoughts and core long-held core beliefs.
  • Most evidence for effectiveness with depression but has shown to be effective for bipolar disorders and schizophrenia.
106
Q

What is the Third Wave of CBT?

A
  • After behavioural (first) and cognitive (second), these therapies focus on acceptance.
  • Includes Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy.
107
Q

CBT Evaluated Scientifically?

A
  • More effective than no or placebo treatment.
  • At least or more effective than psychodynamic and humanistic therapies.
  • At least as effective as drug therapies for depression.
  • In general, CBT and BT are about as effective for most problems.
108
Q

How Does Therapy in a Group Work?

A
  • Several people meet together with a therapist to receive treatment.
  • This allows a therapist to see more clients.
  • Group therapy can also be more effective than individual therapy.
  • Group therapy is getting a bang for your buck.
  • Allows to normalize and not be so judgmental to yourself on how views on you and others change.

-You can see change better.
Group psychology is the most beneficial.

109
Q

Techniques of Group Therapy?

A
  • 3 to 20 clients meet on a regular basis.
  • Group members selected on the basis of what they can gain and offer to the group.
  • Group members are encouraged to role play new behaviours.
  • Based on a particular issue, diagnoses, or what information you can gain from that group.
  • Often have homework assigned.
110
Q

What is family therapy?

A
  • Two or more people who are committed to each other’s well-being are treated together.
  • Family therapists often attempt to change family systems, the dynamic social system of the marriage or family (focus on interactions).
  • Usually 1 core issue taking place.
  • Problem: family plays a role in symptoms and behaviour existing/maintaining.
111
Q

What is a family?

A

A group of people who are committed to one another’s well-being, preferably for life.

112
Q

How Do Biologically Based Therapies Create Change?

A

-Most biologically based therapies are used in combination with traditional forms of psychotherapy.

113
Q

What do most biological based therapies include?

A
  • medication
  • hospitalization
  • physicians
114
Q

Drugs and the Therapeutic Process?

A
  • Will not permanently cure.
  • Are effective if key issues such as side-effects are recognized and compliance is addressed.
  • Side effects may stop people from taking the drugs.
  • May not see effects from 4-6 weeks.
  • May even have to increase the dosage.
  • In that time you do not feel very good.
  • This impacts compliance. (ex. stomach awful, foggy, dizzy, still feeling down and can not get out of bed.)
115
Q

What are Anti-anxiety Drugs?

A

Drugs reduce feelings of stress.

116
Q

What is Benzodiazepines?

A
  • GABA- 1 neurotransmitter that effects benzothiazines.
  • Dampen system. Ex. slow heart.
  • Make a child fall asleep.
117
Q

Types of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?

A
  • Paroxetine (Paxil) .

- Sertraline (Zoloft).

118
Q

Types of Benzodiazepines?

A
  • Alprazolam (Xanax).
  • Chlordiazepoxide (Librium).
  • Diazepam (Valium).
119
Q

Antidepressants include three major categories of drugs?

A
  • Tricyclics- block multiple neurotransmitters.
  • Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
  • SSRIs.
120
Q

What do Anti-depressant Drugs do?

A
  • Work by altering levels of brain chemicals.
  • The monoamine works by breaking down monoamine oxidase which is an enzyme that destroys the monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin.
121
Q

What is bipolar 2?

A

Not into full depression but may still have mania.

122
Q

What is bipolar 1?

A

Major depression and mania.

123
Q

About Mood Stabilizing Drugs?

A
  • Bipolar disorder.
  • Lithium carbonate- do not prescribe too kids.

-Careful monitoring required
too much drug will produce noxious side effects.

  • Too little drug will have no effect.
  • Anticonvulsant agents.
124
Q

What can mood stabilizing drugs cause?

A
  • The drugs are hard on your system.
  • Too much of it can produce nausea, trembling, excessive sweating (which can cause you to lose some of the drug) can become toxic.
  • If not enough, the drug will not work.
125
Q

What are Anti-psychotic Drugs?

A
  • Are a group of drugs commonly but not exclusively used to treat psychosis (schizophrenia).
  • Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) was the first antipsychotic (much more sedating).
126
Q

Atypical antipsychotic medications?

A
  • Clozapine (Clozaril) .
  • Olanzapine (Zyprexa).
  • Risperidone (Risperdal).
127
Q

Side effects of Anti-psychotic Drugs?

A
  • Tardive dyskinesia.
  • A central nervous system disorder.
  • Characterized by involuntary, spasmodic movements of the upper body, leg jiggling and tongue protusions, facial tics and involuntary movements of the mouth and shoulder.
  • More risk with older types of anti-psychotics.
128
Q

What is psychosurgery?

A
  • Psychosurgery is brain surgery.
  • In the 1940s and 50s, a common type was the prefrontal lobotomy or removal of parts of the brain’s frontal lobes thought to alleviate symptoms of mental disorders.
  • Prefrontal lobotomies made some people become unnaturally calm and completely unemotional.
  • Used today as an absolute last resort with a handful of conditions.
129
Q

What is Electroconvulsive Therapy?

A
  • An electric current is briefly applied to the head to produce a generalized seizure (convulsion).
  • Changes electrical and changes someone’s mood.
130
Q

What is Deinstitutionalization?

A
  • Is the transitioning of treatment for mental health problems from inpatient facilities to outpatient or community-based facilities.
  • The transition period from hospital to outside world is still not good.
  • Some people end up homeless.

-Cant get/hold a job.
Didn’t get an education.

131
Q

Alternative therapies?

A
  • Irrigation of the colon.
  • Aromatherapy.
  • Spiritualism.
  • Herbal remedies.
132
Q

What is social cognition?

A
  • Is the process of analyzing and interpreting events, other people, oneself, and the world in general.
  • How it impacts us or other people.
133
Q

What is attributions?

A
  • Is the process by which a person infers other people’s motives or intentions.
  • We gather information. (ex. why are they taking notes? They must care about school.)
134
Q

Function of Attributions?

A
  • Help predict & control environment.
  • Help determine self/other thoughts, feelings, & behaviours.
  • Influence expectations for future.
  • Impact on own performance.
135
Q

What is Dispositional attributions (Friz Heider)?

A
  • Are causes for behaviour that originate within the person (personality, mood, ability, effort, wishes).
  • Internal. (ex. doing well in the class because you are ‘smart’).
136
Q

What is Situational attributions (Friz Heider)?

A
  • Are causes for behaviour that originate in events or situations outside the individual (other people, luck, pressure, $$$, weather).
  • External. (ex. the reason you’re doing well is because prof is really good.)
137
Q

3 factors taken into account when making attributions?

A
  • Consensus.
  • Consistency.
  • Distinctiveness.
138
Q

What is Consensus (High and Low)?

A
  • Degree to which other people, if in the same situation, would behave similarly to the person being observed. (Ex. is everyone acing like the girl taking notes?).
  • Consensus High- if the observer sees others acting the same way.
  • Consensus Low- if others are behaving differently. (ex. sleeping, watching movies.)
139
Q

What is consistency (High and Low)?

A
  • Whether the person being observed behaves the same way when faced with the same set of circumstances.
  • Consistency High- take the girl into another class and she still takes notes.
  • Consistency Low- act differently in different classes.
140
Q

What is Distinctiveness (High and Low)?

A
  • The observed person acts differently in different types of situations.
  • Distinctiveness High- in this class she is taking notes but at the bar she is having fun. (Different depending on context.)
  • Distinctiveness Low- she is taking notes everywhere. (ex. in grocery stores, bar, etc.)
141
Q

Errors in Attribution?

A
  • Errors or bias can occur in making attributions about the behaviour of others.
  • Mental shortcuts.
  • Our brain likes to be lazy.
  • We want things fast.
142
Q

What is Self-Serving Bias?

A
  • Feel their positive behaviours are due to their internal traits (dispositional).
  • Blame their failures and shortcomings on external, situational factors (situational).
  • Ex. looking at success feels like “I’m so smart”.
  • Ex. looking at failure “the prof didn’t teach it well”.
143
Q

What is Fundamental Attribution Error?

A

-Dual tendency for people to overestimate dispositional factors and to underestimate situational factors when searching for the cause of someone else’s behaviour.

  • Ex. driving on ring and see an accident on side and you assume that the person was nooot paying attention and hit the car.
    • Don’t give benefit of the doubt.
    • Could be due to ice or got cut off.
    • You don’t know.
144
Q

What is Actor-observer Effect?

A
  • We are looking at a socially undesirable behavior.
  • When doing something poorly you will look at the situation.
  • Ex. cheating in class, “prof is out to get me”.
  • Acting as if it is not because you didn’t study for example.
  • To make you feel better.
145
Q

What is attitudes?

A

Positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, and ideas (conscious & unconscious).

146
Q

3 Dimensions of Attitudes?

A

1) Cognitive dimension.
2) Emotional dimension.
3) Behavioural dimension.

147
Q

What is cognitive dimension?

A

Referring to thoughts and beliefs.

148
Q

What is emotional dimension?

A

Involves evaluative feeling such as like or dislike.

149
Q

What is behavioural dimension?

A

Involves how the beliefs and evaluations are demonstrated.

150
Q

Do Attitudes Predict Behaviour?

A
  • It is possible that attitudes shapes behaviour.
  • Attitudes are accessible when strong and easily retrievable from memory.
  • Norms are important moderators between attitudes and behaviour.
  • Social norms.
  • Ex. if you think education is important, you will come to class.
151
Q

What are social norms?

A

-Are the standards and values of the social group that each person internalizes.

152
Q

Does Behaviour Determine Attitudes?

A
  • It is possible that behaviour shapes attitudes.

- Bem’s self-perception theory asserts people infer their attitudes and emotional states from their behaviour.

153
Q

Traditional view of attitude?

A

Attitude shapes behaviour; behaviour follows from attitudes.

154
Q

Bem,’s view of attitude?

A

Behaviour is interpreted; then attitudes are formed.

155
Q

What is Cognitive dissonance?

A
  • Uncomfortable about your view on something and the behaviour you engaged in.
  • Attitude change can take place when people feel this mental discomfort.
  • Festinger and Carlsmith found that when researchers paid participants $1, their attitudes toward a boring experiment were more positive than for participants paid $20.
156
Q

The means by which a communication is presented is called?

A

A medium.

157
Q

How Does Attitude Change Occur?

A

-To be persuasive, the communicator must show:
Integrity
Credibility
Trustworthiness

  • Openness to attitude change is related in part to age and education
    i. e.,

-Change is far more likely if the person doing the persuading is a friend.

158
Q

What is central route?

A
  • Emphasizes conscious, thoughtful consideration of an argument about an issue.
  • Attitude change via this route depends on effective, authoritative and logical communication.
159
Q

What is peripheral route?

A
  • Emphasizes more emotional, superficial evaluations of a message.
  • This route has an indirect but a powerful effect especially when there are no logical arguments that can force the use of central route.
160
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A
  • Is behaviour that benefits someone else or society that offers no obvious benefit to the person performing it and may involve personal risk or sacrifice.
  • Ex. you see someone on the side of the road with car problems and you pull over to help them.
161
Q

Motives for Prosocial Behaviour?

A

Other motives for prosocial behaviour besides innate aspect.

162
Q

Batson’s four forces that prompt people to act for the public good?

A
  • Altruism- is helping for which there is no discernible reward, recognition, or appreciation (going to get something out of it –> can help down the road.)
  • Egoism- helping out to look good.
  • Collectivism- doing it because the group is important and contributing to something for the group.
  • Principlism- my morals dictate what I will do for others.
163
Q

What is The Bystander Effect?

A

As the number of people present at an emergency increases, people often watch, but do not help.

164
Q

What is a naive participant?

A

Only 1 participant.

165
Q

What is a group?

A

Is any number of people who share a common purpose, interact with each other, and develop some degree of interdependence.

166
Q

What is social facilitation?

A
  • Is a change in behaviour when people are (or believe they are) in the presence of others.
  • Being observed.
  • Can improve or inhibit a person’s ability to perform a task.
  • The presence of others increases arousal.
  • Increased arousal = lead to a greater likelihood a particular response will occur.
167
Q

What is social loafing?

A
  • Is a decrease in individual effort as a result of working in a group.
  • When individual performance cannot be evaluated.
168
Q

What is groupthink?

A
  • Tendency for group members to seek concurrence with one another.
  • Occurs when members reinforce shared beliefs in the interest of getting along.
  • Ex. Wednesdays we wear pink.
  • Ex. cults.
169
Q

What is group polarization?

A

Shifts in attitudes or behaviours.

170
Q

What is Deindividuation?

A
  • Loss of self-awareness and distinctive personality in a group.
  • In groups, normally thoughtful people can exhibit irrational behaviour like mob violence (ex. gang rapes- no longer see themselves as outside, but part of a group).
171
Q

What is conformity?

A
  • When a person changes her or his attitudes or behaviours so they are consistent with those of other people or norms, the person is exhibiting conformity.
  • Conform to an expectation.
172
Q

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

A
  • Asking for a small favour, then escalating the compliance by asking for increasingly larger favours.
  • Ex. planned to stay at a boys house. First, asks to go to his house for an hour. Then, asks to stay the night.
173
Q

What is the low-ball technique?

A

Obtaining a commitment and then raising the cost of the commitment.

174
Q

What is reactance?

A

Arises when people feel their freedom is being restricted, they are motivated to reestablish it.

175
Q

What is Reciprocation?

A

More likely to comply if they give you something back.

176
Q

What is Liking?

A

If you like someone you are more likely to do something for them.

177
Q

What is Scarcity?

A

Ex. beanie babies were all the rage so you buy a whole bunch for no reason because they are limited and now just sit in your attic.

178
Q

What is Authority?

A

Ex. doctor wearing a white lab coat.

179
Q

What is obedience?

A

Compliance with the orders of another person or group.

PSYCH101 (1 decks)

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