Final Exam

Question 1

Describe physiology.

Answer 1

• If you’re tired or stressed, you’re likely to perceive things more negatively than you normally would.
• For instance, a playful insult coworker might anger you if you were feeling down but wouldn’t bother you if you were feeling good.

Question 2

Describe age.

Answer 2

• Compared to a person of 20, a 60 year old has a more complex fund of experiences to draw on in perceiving situations and people.

Question 3

Describe expectations.

Answer 3

• The impact of expectations on perception explains the self -fulfilling prophecy. Expectations influence perceptions in a range of communication situations.
• Our expectations also affect what we notice.

Question 4

Describe culture.

Answer 4

• A culture is the totality of beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a number of people.
• Culture forms the patterns of our lives and guides how we think, feel, and communicate.

Question 5

Define emotion.

Answer 5

• Our experience and interpretation of internal sensations as they are shaped by physiology, perceptions, language, and social experiences.

Question 6

Define emotional intelligence.

Answer 6

• The ability to recognize feelings, to judge which feelings are appropriate in which situations, and to communicate those feelings affectively.

Question 7

Explain the physiological influences of emotions- organismic view of emotions.

Answer 7

• We experience emotion when external stimuli cause physiological changes in us.

Stimulus  Physiological Response  Emotion

Question 8

Explain the perceptual view of emotions (Appraisal Theory)

Answer 8

• Subjective perceptions shape what external phenomena means to us.

External event  Perception of event  Interpreted emotion  Response

Question 9

Explain the cognitive labeling view of emotions.

Answer 9

• Our labels for our physiological response influence how we interpret those responses.

External event  Physiological response  Label for Response  Emotion

Question 10

Explain the interactive view of emotions.

Answer 10

• Social rules and understandings shape what people feel and how they do or don’t express their feelings.

Framing Rules  Feeling Rules  Felt emotion  Emotion Work  Felt Emotion Emotional Expression

Question 11

Define jealousy.

Answer 11

• Jealousy can be a sign of caring and can lead people to re-examine their relationships.
• Jealousy is a more prototypic emotion—etymologically similar to “zeal” (i.e. fear, anger, sadness, etc.)
• Relationship possession = when people feel they are in danger of losing a valued relationship they already possess.
• Jealousy is personified as a “green-eyed monster”
• People find jealousy-induced violence reprehensible, yet paradoxically sometimes justifiable.
• Jealousy is a two-edged sword: LOVE—PARANOIA.

Question 12

What are the intrapersonal outcomes of jealousy?

Answer 12

• Anger, rage, or hatred toward partner or rival.
• Fear anxiety, or panic over possible abandonment or relationship chage.
• Sadness, grief over actual/potential loss.
• Hurt over betrayal.
• Heighten sexual arousal.
• Envy of rival’s relationship or positive characteristics.
• Positive affect toward partner.

Question 13

What are the interpersonal outcomes of jealousy?

Answer 13

• Jealousy is associated with three interrelated intrapersonal experiences: uncertainty, suspicion, and distrust.
• Uncertainty, suspicion, and distrust, in turn prompt a number of interpersonal communicative responses that have negative potential.
• Jealousy can also cause feeling of deep hurt and betrayal.
• Jealous individuals sometimes engage in aggressive, manipulative, and/or violent behavior.
• Jealousy, in general associates with relational dissatisfaction.

Question 14

Explain surveillance and guarding.

Answer 14

• Surveillance/vigilance.
• Concealment/restriction.
• Monopolozing partner’s tiem.

Question 15

Explain communication with rival.

Answer 15

• Information seeking.
• Derogation of the mate to rivals.
• Rival threats.
• Violence toward rivals.

Question 16

Explain signs of possession.

Answer 16

• Verbal signs.
• Physical signs.
• Possessive ornamentation.

Question 17

Explain avoidance.

Answer 17

• Physical/emotional withdrawal.
• Situation avoidance.
• Unwillingness to communicate.

Question 18

Define envy.

Answer 18

• Envy can lead to self-improvement and accomplishment.
• Envy is less passionate and more cognitive.
• Envy occurs when a person does not possess a valued commodity but wishes to possess it.
• The commodity could be a relationship, a material possession, power, beauty, etc.
• Prohibitions against envy can be found in the 10th Commandment (Thou shalt not covet…) and in the “7 deadly sins” of Proverbs 6:16-19.
• Yet, in individualistic, capitalistic countries, envy flourishes. People naturally compare themselves to others.

Question 19

What are the intrapersonal outcomes of envy?

Answer 19

• Anger, hatred, or resentment toward rival.
• Distress and anxiety stemming from feelings of inferiority.
• Sadness, discontent, hopelessness from one’s shortcomings.
• Guilt over harboring ill will.
• Despair of never possessing the valued commodity.
• Longing/frustration.
• Admiration.

Question 20

What are the interpersonal outcomes of envy?

Answer 20

• Envy is precipitated by some type of negative self-to-other comparison, so our close relationships form fertile ground for envy, rivalry & competition.

Question 21

Explain the ways to cope with negative self-evaluation.

Answer 21

• Self-reliance.
• Self-bolstering.
• Selective ignoring.

Question 22

Explain antagonistic competitive behaviors.

Answer 22

• Expressed superiority.
• Belittling.
• Bragging.
• Aggressveness.
• Insincerity/manipulation.
• Subterfuge.

Question 23

Explain anti-social competitive behaviors.

Answer 23

• Social distance.
• General anxiety/defensiveness.
• Noncooperative efforts.
• Self-focus.

Question 24

Define codependence.

Answer 24

• A recognizable pattern of personality traits, predictably found within most members of chemically dependent families, which are capable of creating sufficient dysfunction to warrant diagnosis of Mixed Personality Disorder in DSM III (Cermak, 1986)

Question 25

Define codependency relationships.

Answer 25

• those relationships that include stigmatized individuals (alcoholics, gamblers, sex addicts, mentally ill, etc.), who usually extend their stigma to their significant others.
• Examples:
  
  • Partners.
  • Known to be strong caring individuals.
  • Nurturing.
  • Simultaneously attempt to control or reduce partner’s undesirable behavior.