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PSYC 100 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the likely diagnosis of the following and what are the clinical features? Symptoms: Glibness/superficial charm Grandiose sense of self-worth Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom Pathological lying Conning/manipulative Lack of remorse of guilt - callous and lacking empathy Shallow affect Parasitic lifestyle Poor behavior controls Promiscuous sexual behavior Early behavior problems Lack of realistic, long-term plans Impulsivity and irresponsibility Fearlessness

A

Psychopathy within Personality Disorders Clinical Features: Very closely linked to Antisocial Personality Disorder Incorporates affective/personality traits to a greater degree Most psychopaths meet criteria for ASPD, but most individuals with ASPD are not psychopaths Psychopathic tendencies trend higher in younger years than older years Fearlessness hypothesis - psychopaths fail to respond with fear to danger cues

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2
Q

What are the causes of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?

A

Largely unknown

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3
Q

What is the likely diagnosis of the following and what are the clinical features? Symptoms: Suspects without evidence that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving Doubts about the loyalty of others Reluctant to confide due to mistrust Reads negatively from benign remarks Bears grudges Perceives attacks on character Suspicions of infidelity

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder Clinical Features: Pervasive and unjustified mistrust and suspicion

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4
Q

Alcohol abuse effects

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - 12% of patients, 10-12% mortality - Thiamine deficiency - confusion, visual problems, stupor, coma, hypothermia, hypotension - Early: reversible - amnesia - Late: irreversible Increased cavity adjacent to the corpus callosum Degraded cerebellum

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5
Q

What is the likely diagnosis of the following and what are the clinical features? Symptoms: Indecisive without advice or reassurance Needs others to be responsible for decisions Won’t disagree due to fear of support or approval Difficulty initiating or doing things on own Excessive attempts at nurturance and support Uncomfortable when alone Must always be in a relationship Preoccupied with having to take care of self

A

Dependent Personality Disorder Clinical Features: Excessive reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions Fear of abandonment Clingy and submissive

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6
Q

What are the main Personality Disorders found in Cluster C that were discussed in class?

A

Avoidant PD Dependent PD Obsessive-Compulsive PD

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7
Q

What are the treatment options for Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

Emphasis is placed on prevention and rehabilitation Often incarceration is the only viable alternative Treatment prognosis is generally poor, even in children

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8
Q

What are the causes of Schizoid Personality Disorder?

A

Etiology is unclear Preference for social isolation in schizoid personality resembles autism

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9
Q

What is the likely diagnosis of the following and what are the clinical features? Symptoms: Avoids activities requiring interpersonal contact out of fear of rejection Needs to be certain of being liked Holds back in relationships out of fear Preoccupied with criticism or rejection Inhibited due to feelings of inadequacy Sees self as inept, unappealing, or inferior Reluctant to take risks (embarrassing)

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder Clinical Features: Extreme sensitivity to the opinions of others - main difference between avoidant PD and socio-phobic disorder Low Self-esteem Highly avoidant of most interpersonal relationships; might have some close friendships but still avoids large groups of people or parties Are interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection

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10
Q

What are the main Personality Disorders found in Cluster B that were discussed in class?

A

Antisocial PD Borderline PD Histrionic PD Narcissistic PD

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11
Q

What are the treatment options for Avoidant Personality Disorder?

A

Treatment similar to that used for social phobia Treatment targets include social skills and anxiety

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12
Q

Describe the basic division of Personality Disorders

A

Personality Disorders are divided into three Clusters, A, B, and C. Cluster A - odd or eccentric (paranoid, schizoid) Cluster B - dramatic, emotional, erratic (antisocial, borderline) Cluster C - fearful or anxious (avoidant, obsessive-compulsive)

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13
Q

What are the causes of Histrionic Personality Disorder?

A

Unknown

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14
Q

What is the likely diagnosis of the following and what are the clinical features? Symptoms: Grandiose Fantasies of success, power, brilliance, etc. Believes he/she is “special” or unique Requires excessive admiration Self-entitled Exploits others for his/her benefit Lacks empathy Envious of others or believes they are envious of him/her Arrogant or haughty

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Clinical Features: Exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance Preoccupied with receiving attention Lack empathy Highly sensitive to criticism Envious and arrogant

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15
Q

Psychoactive substances

A

Chemical compounds that alter mood, behavior, or both

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16
Q

Drug Categories

A

Depressants - result in relaxation and sleepiness (alcohol, barbituates, benzodiazepines Stimulants - increased alertness and elevated mood (amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine) Opioids - produce pain relief (analgesia) and euphoria (heroin, opium, morphine, codeine, methadone, oxycodone, hydrocodone) Hallucinogens - after sensory perception, can produce delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations (LSD, DMT, mescaline, ketamine, PCP, MDMA Cannabis - results in silliness or dreamlike state, possibly heightened sensory experiences Other drugs of abuse - inhalents, anabolic steroids, medications

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17
Q

What are the main Personality Disorder Types and what are the factors that define them?

A

Antisocial PD Avoidant PD Borderline PD Narcissistic PD Obsessive-Compulsive PD Schizotypal PD Impairments in Self and Interpersonal functioning, Pathological Personality Traits (negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism)

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18
Q

What is the likely diagnosis of the following and what are the clinical features? Symptoms: Uncomfortable when not the center of attention Inappropriately seductive or provocative Rapidly shifting and shallow emotions Uses physical appearance to draw attention Speech is impressionistic and lacks detail Theatrical and dramatic in expression Highly suggestible (easily influenced) Thinks relationships are more intimate than they are

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder Clinical Features: Overly dramatic, sensational, and sexually provocative Needs to be the center of attention Perceived as shallow Possible the female variant of Antisocial PD

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19
Q

What are the biological treatments used for substance abuse disorders?

A

Agonist substitution - methadone maintenance for opiates - nicotine patch/gum Antagonist treatments - Naltrexone for opiates & alcohol - Acamprosate for alcohol Aversive Treatment - Antabuse for alcohol - blocks ALDH2 enzyme

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20
Q

What are the causes of Avoidant Personality Disorder?

A

Numerous potential causes including rejection during early development, possibly from difficult temperament

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21
Q

What are the main Personality Disorders found in Cluster A that were discussed in class?

A

Paranoid PD Schizoid PD Schizotypal PD

22
Q

Substance-related and addictive disorders

A

Abuse of drugs and other substances people take to alter the way they think, feel, and behave

23
Q

What are the causes of Paranoid Personality Disorder?

A

Biological and psychological contributions are unclear May result from early learning that people and the world are/is dangerous

24
Q

What are the treatment options for Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

A

Main focus is on developing social skills

Treatment also addresses comorbid depression

Medical treatment includes use of dopamine antagonists, similar those used for schizophrenia

reatment prognosis is generally poor

25
Q

What concept is described by the classical conditioning model when addressing substance abuse disorders

A

The presence of heightened brain activity when drug cues are present without the drug itself after substantial use

26
Q

What are the causes of Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

A

A phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype? Left hemisphere and more generalized brain deficits

27
Q

What are the treatment options for Dependent Personality Disorder?

A

Therapy typically progresses gradually Treatment targets include skills that foster independence - Low evidence of efficacy

28
Q

What are the causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A
  • Neurobiological Contributions to ASPD: Underarousal hypothesis - cortical arousal is too low Cortical immaturity hypothesis - Cerebral cortex is not fully developed - Possible psycho-social factors and causes: Many come from families with inconsistent parental discipline and support Families often have histories of criminal and violent behavior
29
Q

What is the likely diagnosis of the following and what are the clinical features? Symptoms: Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships Mostly chooses solitary activities Little to no interest in sex with another Takes pleasure in few activities Lacks close friends other than first-degree family Indifferent to praise or criticism Emotionally distant and “flat”

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder Clinical Features: Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships; Very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations

30
Q

What are the causes of Borderline Personality Disorder?

A

Runs in families - genetics Early trauma and abuse

31
Q

What is the likely diagnosis of the following and what are the clinical features? Symptoms: Ideas of reference Odd beliefs or magical thinking Unusual perceptual experiences Odd thinking and speech (vague, elaborate) Suspicious or paranoid ideation Inappropriate or constricted affect Odd behavior or appearance Few close friends Excessive social anxiety

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Clinical Features: Behavior and dress is odd or unusual Socially isolated and may be highly suspicious of others Magical thinking, ideas of reference, and illusions Risk for developing schizophrenia is high

32
Q

Why do people become addicted to substances?

A

Biology Learning Cognitive Factors Social Factors Comorbid Disorders Personality Features

33
Q

What is the likely diagnosis of the following and what are the clinical features? Symptoms: Pathological lying Lack of remorse of guilt - callous and lacking empathy Early behavior problems Impulsivity and irresponsibility

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder Clinical Features: Failure to comply with social norms and violation of the rights of others Irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful Lack a conscience, empathy, and remorse Many have early histories of behavioral problems, including conduct disorder

34
Q

What are the causes of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

A

Early failure to learn empathy as a child Sociological view - A product of the “me” generation?

35
Q

Substance abuse

A

Pattern of psychoactive substance use leading to significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles and in hazardous situations

36
Q

Substance dependence (addiction)

A

A maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by: - the need for increased amounts to achieve the desired effect (TOLERANCE) - negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn (WITHDRAWAL) - unsuccessful efforts to control its use - substantial effort expended to see ti or recover from it

37
Q

What are the treatment options for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?

A

Treatment may address fears related to the need for orderliness Other targets include rumination, procrastination, and feelings of inadequacy - Low evidence of efficacy

38
Q

What are the treatment options for Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

A

Treatment focuses on grandiosity, lack of empathy, unrealistic thinking Treatment may also address co-occurring depression - Low evidence of efficacy

39
Q

What are the treatment options for Histrionic Personality Disorder?

A

Treatment focuses on attention seeking and long-term negative consequences Targets may also include problematic interpersonal behaviors - Low evidence of efficacy

40
Q

What are the treatment options for Schizoid Personality Disorder?

A

Focus on the value of interpersonal relationships, empathy, and social skills Treatment prognosis is generally poor - Low evidence of efficacy

41
Q

Prevalence and Origins of Personality Disorders

A

0.5 to 2.5% of the general population, 9.1% of Americans over 18 - rates are higher in inpatient and outpatient settings PD is thought to begin in childhood with potential causes coming from parenting styles or practices; tends to run a chronic course if untreated

42
Q

What are the treatment options for Paranoid Personality Disorder?

A

Treatment focuses on development of trust Cognitive therapy to counter negativistic thinking - Low evidence of efficacy

43
Q

What parts of the brain are related to substance abuse disorders?

A

Ventral Tegmental Area, Nucleus Accumbens, and Visual Cortex

44
Q

Substance intoxication

A

Physiological reaction to ingested substances (drunkenness or getting high)

45
Q

What is the likely diagnosis of the following and what are the clinical features? Symptoms: Preoccupied with details, rules, order… Perfectionism interferes with tasks Devoted to work to the exclusion of leisure Overconscientious and inflexible about morality, ethics, or values Cannot discard old or worthless objects Reluctant to delegate unless done their way Miserly Rigid and stubborn

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Clinical Features: Excessive and rigid fixation on doing things the right way Highly perfectionistic, orderly, and emotionally shallow Obsessions and compulsions are rare, marking the difference between OCD and OCPD

46
Q

Biological Mechanisms in Substance Abuse Disorders are caused by…

A

The increased levels of dopamine that is sent through the nervous system, increasing the pleasure sensations

47
Q

What is the likely diagnosis of the following and what are the clinical features? Symptoms: Unstable moods Unstable relationships Impulsivity Fear of abandonment Poor self-image Self-mutilation Suicidal gestures

A

Borderline Personality Disorder Clinical Features: Most common PD in psychiatric settings High comborbidity 75% of diagnoses are women

48
Q

What are the causes of Dependent Personality Disorder?

A

Early disruptions in learning independence Largely unknown

49
Q

Substance use

A

Ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning

50
Q

What are the treatment options for Borderline Personality Disorder?

A

Antidepressant medications provide some short-term relief Dialectical behavior therapy is the most promisingpsycho-social approach

51
Q

Depressant Mechanism

A

GABA agonist - relaxation and sleepiness - frontal lobe effect of disinhibition - cerebellum effect of motor impairment Glutamate antagonist - hippocampus effect of memory impairment

PSYC 100 (4 decks)

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